B1.1 Carbs and Lipids

Question 1

what makes a biological/organic molecule?

Answer 1

carbon

Question 2

what are monomers/polymers of carbs called?

Answer 2

monosaccharides and polysaccharides

Question 3

what are examples of monomers/polymers of lipids?

Answer 3

glycerol and fatty acids make up triglycerides and phospholipids

Question 4

are carbs or lipids better at energy storage?

Answer 4

lipids store 2 times as much energy

Question 5

what are the biochemical groups?

Answer 5

nucleic acids, proteins, carbs, lipids

Question 6

why is carbon so versatile?

Answer 6

forms up to 4 bonds with many other non-metals in many different structures

Question 7

what are examples of functional groups?

Answer 7

carboxyl (COOH), hydroxyl (OH), amine/amino group (NH2), phosphate group (H2PO4)

Question 8

define macromolecule

Answer 8

molecule with large number of atoms and relative mass of over 1000 amu

Question 9

what is a condensation reaction?

Answer 9

when two monomers release a hydrogen and hydroxyl so they can bond, releasing water in the process

Question 10

what is a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 10

when a water molecule is split into its hydrogen and hydroxyl components so that two monomers making up a polymer can separate, using up water in the process; requires hydrolysing enzymes

Question 11

define metabolism

Answer 11

sum of all the body’s hydrolysis and condensation reactions

Question 12

draw three amino acids bonded together

Answer 12

amine group left end, carboxyl right end, 3 central carbons with R group and H attached (R and H alternating positions), 2 peptide bonds (O double-bonded to C-N bonded to H, O and N alternating positions), R’s labelled

Question 13

what are examples of pentose monosaccharides?

Answer 13

ribose and deoxyribose

Question 14

what are examples of hexose monosaccharides?

Answer 14

glucose and galactose

Question 15

what shapes can monosaccharides form?

Answer 15

cyclic or straight chains

Question 16

what is the general chemical formula for monosaccharides?

Answer 16

CnH2nOn

Question 17

how is glucose produced and used?

Answer 17

produced in photosynthesis, used in respiration

Question 18

what are examples of polymers of glucose?

Answer 18

starch, cellulose, glycogen

Question 19

what are properties of glucose?

Answer 19

high solubility, easy transportablility, molecular stability, and high chemical energy

Question 20

what makes glucose soluble?

Answer 20

contains 5 OH’s, and OH contains polar covalent bond

Question 21

what is an oxidation reaction?

Answer 21

when covalent bonds are broken and electrons are lost

Question 22

what is starch?

Answer 22

glucose/energy store in plants; polymer of alpha glucose

Question 23

what are properties of starch?

Answer 23

hydrophobic, compact, easily storable

Question 24

what is amylose?

Answer 24

type of starch consisting of a long, unbranching chain of glucose connected by alpha 1-4 linkages

Question 25

what is amylopectin?

Answer 25

type of starch consisting of amylose chains with branches connected by alpha 1-6 linkages

Question 26

why are polysaccharides generally insoluble?

Answer 26

prevents them from interfering with exterior reactions

Question 27

what is cellulose?

Answer 27

most abundant organic molecule; structural molecule making up cell wall

Question 28

what is the structure of cellulose?

Answer 28

linear, unbranching chains of beta glucose connected by 1-4 glycosidic linkages, every other glucose upside-down so 1' OH next to 4' OH; chains connected by hydrogen bonds

Question 29

what are properties of cellulose?

Answer 29

strong, insoluble, permeable

Question 30

draw alpha glucose

Answer 30

hexagon, top-right O, 3 C's H on top and OH below, 3' C with OH on top, 5' C bonded to C6'H2OH

Question 31

draw beta glucose

Answer 31

hexagon, top-right O, 2 C's H on top and OH below, 3' and 1' C with OH on top, 5' C bonded to C6'H2OH

Question 32

what is glycogen?

Answer 32

excess glucose store in liver and muscle; like amylopectin but more branches

Question 33

what are examples of conjugated carbon molecules?

Answer 33

lipoproteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids

Question 34

what do glycoproteins do?

Answer 34

cell-cell communication, transportation in/out of cell, recognition of body/non-body cells, adhesion, catalysis; determines ABO blood type

Question 35

how is blood type determined?

Answer 35

A, B, and AB blood types have A or B antigen or both, O blood type has neither

Question 36

define antigen

Answer 36

glycoprotein that triggers immune response

Question 37

can lipids dissolve in water?

Answer 37

no; they have many hydrocarbon areas, which have non-polar covalent bonds, so they have to combine with other molecules to dissolve

Question 38

what is the structure of a triglyceride?

Answer 38

3 fatty acids attached to 1 glycerol molecule by condensation reactions

Question 39

what is the structure of a phospholipid?

Answer 39

2 fatty acids and 1 inorganic phosphate group attached to 1 glycerol molecule by condensation reactions

Question 40

what is a saturated fatty acid?

Answer 40

energy store in animals; has high melting point so is solid at room temperature

Question 41

what is the structure of a saturated fatty acid?

Answer 41

only single bonds between C's, all other bonds to H's except with carboxyl on right end

Question 42

what is a monounsaturated fatty acid?

Answer 42

energy store in animals and plants; has relatively low melting point so is liquid at room temperature

Question 43

what is the structure of a monounsaturated fatty acid?

Answer 43

like saturated fatty acid but with one double bond between two C's

Question 44

what is the difference between a cis and trans monounsaturated fatty acid?

Answer 44

trans has H's of the double-bonded C's on different sides, while cis has on same sides

Question 45

what is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?

Answer 45

energy store in plants; has low melting point so is liquid at room temperature

Question 46

what is the structure of a polyunsaturated fatty acid?

Answer 46

like saturated fatty acid but with multiple double bonds between C's

Question 47

what is adipose tissue?

Answer 47

composed of adipocyte cells, which store fat as triglycerides in vacuoles; long-term and insoluble

Question 48

define endotherm

Answer 48

organism that is able to maintain steady internal temperature thanks to fat stores

Question 49

define homeostasis

Answer 49

balance/maintenance of body's internal conditions

Question 50

what is the phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 50

makes up membranes; composed of two layers of phospholipids, with hydrophobic fatty acid tails on the inside and hydrophilic fatty acid heads on the outside

Question 51

define amphipathic

Answer 51

having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

Question 52

define hormone

Answer 52

chemical messenger produced by glands and released into bloodstream to access body tissue

Question 53

what is a steroid?

Answer 53

type of hormone made from the lipid cholesterol; composed of 4 rings of atoms

Question 54

draw the general structure of a steroid

Answer 54

4 rings; 3 hexagons and 1 pentagon

Question 55

what are oestradiol and testosterone?

Answer 55

steroids produced by gonadal tissue; develop sex characteristics at the start of puberty and direct transcription