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Gr 11 IB Bio > B1.1 Carbs and Lipids > Flashcards

B1.1 Carbs and Lipids Flashcards

hydrolysis vs condensation, conjugated, saturated/unsaturated, steroids, phospholipid

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what makes a biological/organic molecule?

A

carbon

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2
Q

what are monomers/polymers of carbs called?

A

monosaccharides and polysaccharides

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3
Q

what are examples of monomers/polymers of lipids?

A

glycerol and fatty acids make up triglycerides and phospholipids

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4
Q

are carbs or lipids better at energy storage?

A

lipids store 2 times as much energy

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5
Q

what are the biochemical groups?

A

nucleic acids, proteins, carbs, lipids

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6
Q

why is carbon so versatile?

A

forms up to 4 bonds with many other non-metals in many different structures

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7
Q

what are examples of functional groups?

A

carboxyl (COOH), hydroxyl (OH), amine/amino group (NH2), phosphate group (H2PO4)

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8
Q

define macromolecule

A

molecule with large number of atoms and relative mass of over 1000 amu

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9
Q

what is a condensation reaction?

A

when two monomers release a hydrogen and hydroxyl so they can bond, releasing water in the process

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10
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

when a water molecule is split into its hydrogen and hydroxyl components so that two monomers making up a polymer can separate, using up water in the process; requires hydrolysing enzymes

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11
Q

define metabolism

A

sum of all the body’s hydrolysis and condensation reactions

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12
Q

draw three amino acids bonded together

A

amine group left end, carboxyl right end, 3 central carbons with R group and H attached (R and H alternating positions), 2 peptide bonds (O double-bonded to C-N bonded to H, O and N alternating positions), R’s labelled

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13
Q

what are examples of pentose monosaccharides?

A

ribose and deoxyribose

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14
Q

what are examples of hexose monosaccharides?

A

glucose and galactose

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15
Q

what shapes can monosaccharides form?

A

cyclic or straight chains

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16
Q

what is the general chemical formula for monosaccharides?

A

CnH2nOn

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17
Q

how is glucose produced and used?

A

produced in photosynthesis, used in respiration

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18
Q

what are examples of polymers of glucose?

A

starch, cellulose, glycogen

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19
Q

what are properties of glucose?

A

high solubility, easy transportablility, molecular stability, and high chemical energy

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20
Q

what makes glucose soluble?

A

contains 5 OH’s, and OH contains polar covalent bond

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21
Q

what is an oxidation reaction?

A

when covalent bonds are broken and electrons are lost

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22
Q

what is starch?

A

glucose/energy store in plants; polymer of alpha glucose

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23
Q

what are properties of starch?

A

hydrophobic, compact, easily storable

24
Q

what is amylose?

A

type of starch consisting of a long, unbranching chain of glucose connected by alpha 1-4 linkages

25
Q

what is amylopectin?

A

type of starch consisting of amylose chains with branches connected by alpha 1-6 linkages

26
Q

why are polysaccharides generally insoluble?

A

prevents them from interfering with exterior reactions

27
Q

what is cellulose?

A

most abundant organic molecule; structural molecule making up cell wall

28
Q

what is the structure of cellulose?

A

linear, unbranching chains of beta glucose connected by 1-4 glycosidic linkages, every other glucose upside-down so 1’ OH next to 4’ OH; chains connected by hydrogen bonds

29
Q

what are properties of cellulose?

A

strong, insoluble, permeable

30
Q

draw alpha glucose

A

hexagon, top-right O, 3 C’s H on top and OH below, 3’ C with OH on top, 5’ C bonded to C6’H2OH

31
Q

draw beta glucose

A

hexagon, top-right O, 2 C’s H on top and OH below, 3’ and 1’ C with OH on top, 5’ C bonded to C6’H2OH

32
Q

what is glycogen?

A

excess glucose store in liver and muscle; like amylopectin but more branches

33
Q

what are examples of conjugated carbon molecules?

A

lipoproteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids

34
Q

what do glycoproteins do?

A

cell-cell communication, transportation in/out of cell, recognition of body/non-body cells, adhesion, catalysis; determines ABO blood type

35
Q

how is blood type determined?

A

A, B, and AB blood types have A or B antigen or both, O blood type has neither

36
Q

define antigen

A

glycoprotein that triggers immune response

37
Q

can lipids dissolve in water?

A

no; they have many hydrocarbon areas, which have non-polar covalent bonds, so they have to combine with other molecules to dissolve

38
Q

what is the structure of a triglyceride?

A

3 fatty acids attached to 1 glycerol molecule by condensation reactions

39
Q

what is the structure of a phospholipid?

A

2 fatty acids and 1 inorganic phosphate group attached to 1 glycerol molecule by condensation reactions

40
Q

what is a saturated fatty acid?

A

energy store in animals; has high melting point so is solid at room temperature

41
Q

what is the structure of a saturated fatty acid?

A

only single bonds between C’s, all other bonds to H’s except with carboxyl on right end

42
Q

what is a monounsaturated fatty acid?

A

energy store in animals and plants; has relatively low melting point so is liquid at room temperature

43
Q

what is the structure of a monounsaturated fatty acid?

A

like saturated fatty acid but with one double bond between two C’s

44
Q

what is the difference between a cis and trans monounsaturated fatty acid?

A

trans has H’s of the double-bonded C’s on different sides, while cis has on same sides

45
Q

what is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?

A

energy store in plants; has low melting point so is liquid at room temperature

46
Q

what is the structure of a polyunsaturated fatty acid?

A

like saturated fatty acid but with multiple double bonds between C’s

47
Q

what is adipose tissue?

A

composed of adipocyte cells, which store fat as triglycerides in vacuoles; long-term and insoluble

48
Q

define endotherm

A

organism that is able to maintain steady internal temperature thanks to fat stores

49
Q

define homeostasis

A

balance/maintenance of body’s internal conditions

50
Q

what is the phospholipid bilayer?

A

makes up membranes; composed of two layers of phospholipids, with hydrophobic fatty acid tails on the inside and hydrophilic fatty acid heads on the outside

51
Q

define amphipathic

A

having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

52
Q

define hormone

A

chemical messenger produced by glands and released into bloodstream to access body tissue

53
Q

what is a steroid?

A

type of hormone made from the lipid cholesterol; composed of 4 rings of atoms

54
Q

draw the general structure of a steroid

A

4 rings; 3 hexagons and 1 pentagon

55
Q

what are oestradiol and testosterone?

A

steroids produced by gonadal tissue; develop sex characteristics at the start of puberty and direct transcription

Gr 11 IB Bio (11 decks)

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