B1.1 Carbs and Lipids Flashcards
hydrolysis vs condensation, conjugated, saturated/unsaturated, steroids, phospholipid
what makes a biological/organic molecule?
carbon
what are monomers/polymers of carbs called?
monosaccharides and polysaccharides
what are examples of monomers/polymers of lipids?
glycerol and fatty acids make up triglycerides and phospholipids
are carbs or lipids better at energy storage?
lipids store 2 times as much energy
what are the biochemical groups?
nucleic acids, proteins, carbs, lipids
why is carbon so versatile?
forms up to 4 bonds with many other non-metals in many different structures
what are examples of functional groups?
carboxyl (COOH), hydroxyl (OH), amine/amino group (NH2), phosphate group (H2PO4)
define macromolecule
molecule with large number of atoms and relative mass of over 1000 amu
what is a condensation reaction?
when two monomers release a hydrogen and hydroxyl so they can bond, releasing water in the process
what is a hydrolysis reaction?
when a water molecule is split into its hydrogen and hydroxyl components so that two monomers making up a polymer can separate, using up water in the process; requires hydrolysing enzymes
define metabolism
sum of all the body’s hydrolysis and condensation reactions
draw three amino acids bonded together
amine group left end, carboxyl right end, 3 central carbons with R group and H attached (R and H alternating positions), 2 peptide bonds (O double-bonded to C-N bonded to H, O and N alternating positions), R’s labelled
what are examples of pentose monosaccharides?
ribose and deoxyribose
what are examples of hexose monosaccharides?
glucose and galactose
what shapes can monosaccharides form?
cyclic or straight chains
what is the general chemical formula for monosaccharides?
CnH2nOn
how is glucose produced and used?
produced in photosynthesis, used in respiration
what are examples of polymers of glucose?
starch, cellulose, glycogen
what are properties of glucose?
high solubility, easy transportablility, molecular stability, and high chemical energy
what makes glucose soluble?
contains 5 OH’s, and OH contains polar covalent bond
what is an oxidation reaction?
when covalent bonds are broken and electrons are lost
what is starch?
glucose/energy store in plants; polymer of alpha glucose
what are properties of starch?
hydrophobic, compact, easily storable
what is amylose?
type of starch consisting of a long, unbranching chain of glucose connected by alpha 1-4 linkages
what is amylopectin?
type of starch consisting of amylose chains with branches connected by alpha 1-6 linkages
why are polysaccharides generally insoluble?
prevents them from interfering with exterior reactions
what is cellulose?
most abundant organic molecule; structural molecule making up cell wall
what is the structure of cellulose?
linear, unbranching chains of beta glucose connected by 1-4 glycosidic linkages, every other glucose upside-down so 1’ OH next to 4’ OH; chains connected by hydrogen bonds
what are properties of cellulose?
strong, insoluble, permeable
draw alpha glucose
hexagon, top-right O, 3 C’s H on top and OH below, 3’ C with OH on top, 5’ C bonded to C6’H2OH
draw beta glucose
hexagon, top-right O, 2 C’s H on top and OH below, 3’ and 1’ C with OH on top, 5’ C bonded to C6’H2OH
what is glycogen?
excess glucose store in liver and muscle; like amylopectin but more branches
what are examples of conjugated carbon molecules?
lipoproteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids
what do glycoproteins do?
cell-cell communication, transportation in/out of cell, recognition of body/non-body cells, adhesion, catalysis; determines ABO blood type
how is blood type determined?
A, B, and AB blood types have A or B antigen or both, O blood type has neither
define antigen
glycoprotein that triggers immune response
can lipids dissolve in water?
no; they have many hydrocarbon areas, which have non-polar covalent bonds, so they have to combine with other molecules to dissolve
what is the structure of a triglyceride?
3 fatty acids attached to 1 glycerol molecule by condensation reactions
what is the structure of a phospholipid?
2 fatty acids and 1 inorganic phosphate group attached to 1 glycerol molecule by condensation reactions
what is a saturated fatty acid?
energy store in animals; has high melting point so is solid at room temperature
what is the structure of a saturated fatty acid?
only single bonds between C’s, all other bonds to H’s except with carboxyl on right end
what is a monounsaturated fatty acid?
energy store in animals and plants; has relatively low melting point so is liquid at room temperature
what is the structure of a monounsaturated fatty acid?
like saturated fatty acid but with one double bond between two C’s
what is the difference between a cis and trans monounsaturated fatty acid?
trans has H’s of the double-bonded C’s on different sides, while cis has on same sides
what is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?
energy store in plants; has low melting point so is liquid at room temperature
what is the structure of a polyunsaturated fatty acid?
like saturated fatty acid but with multiple double bonds between C’s
what is adipose tissue?
composed of adipocyte cells, which store fat as triglycerides in vacuoles; long-term and insoluble
define endotherm
organism that is able to maintain steady internal temperature thanks to fat stores
define homeostasis
balance/maintenance of body’s internal conditions
what is the phospholipid bilayer?
makes up membranes; composed of two layers of phospholipids, with hydrophobic fatty acid tails on the inside and hydrophilic fatty acid heads on the outside
define amphipathic
having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
define hormone
chemical messenger produced by glands and released into bloodstream to access body tissue
what is a steroid?
type of hormone made from the lipid cholesterol; composed of 4 rings of atoms
draw the general structure of a steroid
4 rings; 3 hexagons and 1 pentagon
what are oestradiol and testosterone?
steroids produced by gonadal tissue; develop sex characteristics at the start of puberty and direct transcription
