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Gr 11 IB Bio > A2.2 Cell Structure > Flashcards

A2.2 Cell Structure Flashcards

microscopy, prokaryotes vs eukaryotes, organelles, endosymbiotic theory, specialization

1
Q

deductive reasoning

A

logical approach that draws specific conclusions from general ideas

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2
Q

inductive reasoning

A

logical approach that creates general ideas from specific conclusions

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3
Q

study of cells

A

cytology

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4
Q

what is an eyepiece graticule and what is another name for it?

A

ocular micrometre; scale that fits inside eyepiece, uses arbitrary units relative to the stage micrometre or regular ruler

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5
Q

arbitrary unit

A

relative unit used to show ratio to a reference measurement

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6
Q

what can be used to take photos of microscope images?

A

microscope camera or phone

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7
Q

condenser

A

lens between stage and light source that directs light

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8
Q

resolution

A

ability of microscope to distinguish details (eg res 0.2 mm=only able to distinguish two objects at least 0.2 mm apart)

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9
Q

magnification

A

increase in object’s image compared to actual size

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10
Q

magnification formula

A

M=ML/AL

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11
Q

actual length formula

A

AL=ML/M

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12
Q

differences between light and electron microscopes

A

light
* inexpensive, simple
* only up to 2000x mag and 0.2 micrometre res
* works with living or dead specimen

electron
* expensive, complex
* over 500,000x mag and 0.1 nm res
* only works with dead specimen fixed in plastic

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13
Q

types of electron microscopes

A

scanning (SEM), where beam of electrons scans surface of specimen; transmission (TEM), where beam of electrons pierces through thin section

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14
Q

electron microscope preparation techniques

A

cryogenic electron microscopy and freeze fracture

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15
Q

what is freeze fracture and what is it useful for?

A

specimen is quickly frozen then broken apart, revealing a plane that is examined; understanding cell membrane, identifying proteins, led to Singer-Nicholson model

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16
Q

what is cryogenic electron microscopy and what is it useful for?

A

specimen frozen, enabling computer image showing 3D framework of proteins; understanding viruses, membranes, protein synthesis, hereditary expression

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17
Q

artefacts

A

structural features not existing in cell; result of experimental/preparational procedures

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18
Q

types of light microscopes

A

brightfield, darkfield, phase-contrast

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19
Q

brightfield light microscope

A

most common; condenser lets light through, specimen viewed against light background

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20
Q

darkfield light microscope

A

opaque condenser, specimen viewed against dark background

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21
Q

phase-contrast light microscope

A

condenser with circular diaphragm and modified objective lens, reveals details without staining

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22
Q

light microscope preparation techniques

A

fluorescent stains and immunofluorescence

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23
Q

how are fluorescent stains used and how are they useful?

A

dyes specific cell components; when irradiated by UV/violet-blue light, dyed parts fluoresce; compatible with living cells, detects low concentration molecules

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24
Q

how is immunofluorescence used and what is it useful for?

A

dyed antibodies combine with target molecules (usually proteins); often used to detect viruses, good for understanding virus life cycles, RNA

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25
structures common to all cells
DNA, cytoplasm, plasma membrane
26
which groups of organisms are prokaryotic?
bacteria (eg eubacteria e coli, bacillus, staphylococcus) and archaea
27
which groups of organisms are eukaryotic?
plants, animals, fungi, protists
28
draw a prokaryotic cell with labels
capsule, cell wall, membrane, pili, flagellum, cytoplasm, ribosomes, nucleoid region, plasmid
29
how do antibiotics only target prokaryotes?
interfere with only prokaryotic cell wall development and ribosome activity
30
how can crystal violet be used to identify bacteria?
gram-positive bacteria cell walls become violet/blue when dyed, gram-negative doesn't (eg e coli, bacillus, staphylococcus are gram-positive)
31
components of prokaryotic cells
capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, pili, flagellum, cytoplasm, 70S ribosomes, nucleoid region, plasmid
32
components of eukaryotic cells
cell wall in non-animal cells, chloroplasts in plants, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, 80S ribosomes, nucleus, cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, centrosome, vacuoles, flagella, cilia
33
capsule
polysaccharide layer outside wall allowing for adhesion in prokaryotes
34
cell wall
made of glycoprotein peptidoglycan in prokaryotes, cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi
35
plasma membrane
phospholipid bilayer, semi-permeable, embedded proteins identify cells and allow communication/transport
36
pilus
mainly for sexual reproduction, also attachment
37
flagellum
movement; larger, attached to basal bodies in cell membrane in eukaryotes; smaller, attached to capsule in prokaryotes
38
cytoplasm
matrix of water called cytosol, contains life-giving inorganic molecules, conducts chemical reactions
39
matrix
unstructured, semi-fluid region contained in boundary
40
types and structure of ribosome
1 protein, 1 rRNA, no membrane, 70S in prokaryotes, 80S eukaryotes
41
difference between 70S and 80S ribosomes
S=Svedberg units, rate of sedimentation during centrifugation; 80S produces sedimentation faster and has more mass
42
nucleoid region
DNA in prokaryotes; 1 molecule in ring shape, no histones
43
plasmid
independent piece of DNA, helps to adapt to unusual situations, researched for genetic engineering (eg CRISPR, family of DNA sequences from bacteriophages used to destroy DNA of similar ones)
44
chloroplast
size of bacteria, has own ring-shape DNA and 70S ribosomes; contains thylakoids (flattened sacs that absorb light) stacked in grana, cytoplasm-like stroma
45
nucleus
double-layered nuclear envelope with pores; contains nucleolus, which makes ribosomes, and chromatin, which becomes chromosomes during division
46
cytoskeleton
actin (micro)filaments aid cell division and movement; intermediate filaments reinforce shape and anchor organelles; microtubules shape and support cells, provide organelle movement paths, aid cell division
47
endoplasmic reticulum
rough has ribosomes and are closer to nucleus; soft has enzymes, produces/transports lipids/phospholipids, sex hormones, detoxes liver, stores Ca, releases glucose
48
lysosome
digestive, acidic, single-membrane vesicle formed by golgi; contains up to 40 enzymes, fuses with damaged organelles to break down/recycle
49
phagocytosis
when solid materials enter cell
50
pinocytosis
when dissolved materials in liquid enter cell
51
golgi apparatus
flattened sacs (cisternae) package, modify, distribute materials; cis side near ER receives, trans side releases vesicles; prevalent in glandular cells, secretes substances
52
mitochondria
size of bacteria, has own DNA, produces ATP and 70S ribosomes; double membrane, with inner folded into cristae, which increases surface area for reactions; inside matrix and inner membrane space
53
centrosome
pair of centrioles that assemble microtubules in animal cells; plants and fungi produce microtubules from centrosome-like regions; located at 1 end, close to nucleus
54
basal body
made of centriole and other proteins; located at base of and thought to direct microtubules within cilia/flagella in some cells
55
vacuole
stores food, waste, water; formed by golgi; single big in plants for turgor pressure, multiple small in animals
56
microvilus
finger-like projection to increase surface area; found on epithelial cells of small intestine and proximal convoluted tubule of nephrons in kidney
57
similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
cell wall and membrane, pilus, flagellum, ribosome, DNA, cytoplasm; conduct all functions of life
58
differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
prokaryote * 1 DNA molecule in ring form with no histones in nucleoid region * no mitochondria, cytoskeleton, ER, lysosome, golgi, chloroplast, centrosome, or vacuole, 70S ribosomes, cell wall of peptidoglycan * simple, mostly smaller than 1 micrometre, no compartmentalization * binary fission eukaryote * linear DNA molecules as chromatin/chromosomes with histones in nucleus * no capsule, 80S ribosomes, cell wall of cellulose or chitin * complex, mostly 5-100 micrometres, compartmentalization * mitosis/meiosis
59
how do unicellular organisms perform functions of life?
cell membrane maintains homeostasis, vacuoles store waste and digest, cilia/flagella move in response to stimuli, mitochrondria produce energy, ribosomes synthesize proteins for growth/repair
60
how many species of fungi are there?
over 14,000
61
which type of cell was the first eukaryote?
fungal cells
62
how do fungi get their nutrients?
excrete digestive enzyme and absorb external nutrients
63
functions of fungi
decomposition, food, medicine, insect control
64
draw a yeast cell with labels
wall with bud scar, porous membrane, nucleus with porous double envelope, cytoplasm, mitochondria with cristae, large vacuole, lipid granule, golgi
65
differences between types of eukaryotic cells
* wall and membrane: plants rigid cellulose wall and membrane, animals membrane, fungi flexible chitin wall and membrane * chloroplasts: only plants * vacuoles: plants large central for storage, animals and fungi many small many functions * carb storage: plants starch, animals and fungi glycogen * cilia, flagella, basal bodies: plants usually none, animals may have, fungi only cilia/flagella * shape: plants fixed, often angular, animals rounded, fungi varies * centrosomes/centrioles: plants and fungi only centrosomes, animals both * plastids: plants in chloro-, chromo-, amyloplasts, animals and fungi none
66
types of atypical eukaryotes
hyphae, phloem sieve tube elements, erythrocytes, skeletal muscle, nerve, sperm, lung tube cells
67
specific structural feature of hyphae
fungi filaments; most are separated by septa, some with no septa become 1 big multinucleate cell
68
phloem sieve tube element function
allows transportation in plants
69
specific structural features of phloem sieve tube element
minimal organelles (no nucleus, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, cytoplasm), relies on companion cell; end walls have pores, elements connect to form tube
70
another name for red blood cells
erythrocytes
71
specific structural feature of red blood cells
no nucleus to carry more oxygen
72
specific structural feature of skeletal muscle cells
limited membranes result in large, multinucleated tubular cells
73
specific structural feature of nerve cells
long and thin with branches
74
specific structural features of sperm cells
many mitochrondria; consists of tail and head that produces enzyme for egg penetration
75
specific structural feature of cells in lung tubes
many cilia to move mucus and stuff out of airways
76
theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells
endosymbiotic theory: 2 billion years ago cell with nucleus and that could sexually reproduce engulfed prokaryote that could produce energy; didn't digest, developed symbiotic relationship and prokaryote evolved into mitochondria
77
evidence for endosymbiotic theory
mitochondria and chloroplast size of bacteria, divides independently with binary fission, 70S ribosomes with similar RNA, similar DNA in ring shape, inner prokaryotic membrane, outer eukaryotic membrane
78
examples of symbiotic relationships with chloroplast-containing organisms
protist Hatena arenicola usually ingests organic matter for nutrients, but after ingesting algae, doesn't digest and is able to photosynthesize to make nutrients; slug Elysia chlorotic is brown in juvenile stage, turns green as adult after ingesting algae
79
systems vs reductionist approach
study of larger picture of organisms vs study of smaller parts to put together to understand organism
80
timeline of development of multicellular organisms
* 3.5 billion years ago: prokaryotes * 2.2 billion: atmospheric oxygen * 1.8 billion: unicellular eukaryotes * 1.2 billion: multicellular * 535 million: ocean animals * 500 million: land animals
81
difference between multicellular organisms and aggregates
multicellular have specialized cells organized into tissues/organs with coordinated functions, aggregates don't and are just colonies of individual cells
82
example of aggregate
Volvox: colony of algae
83
stem cells
undifferentiated cells that can become specialized and endlessly reproduce
84
what differentiates cells?
same genetic code but different gene expression in response to stimuli
85
what is the name for plant stem cell tissue, and where is it found?
meristematic tissue, near stem/root tips
86
advantages of multicellular organisms
more efficient, larger size provides more protection and allows them to consume smaller organisms

Gr 11 IB Bio (17 decks)

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