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Gr 11 IB Bio > A2.2 Cell Structure > Flashcards

A2.2 Cell Structure Flashcards

microscopy, prokaryotes vs eukaryotes, organelles, endosymbiotic theory, specialization

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

deductive reasoning

A

logical approach that draws specific conclusions from general ideas

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2
Q

inductive reasoning

A

logical approach that creates general ideas from specific conclusions

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3
Q

study of cells

A

cytology

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4
Q

what is an eyepiece graticule and what is another name for it?

A

ocular micrometre; scale that fits inside eyepiece, uses arbitrary units relative to the stage micrometre or regular ruler

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5
Q

arbitrary unit

A

relative unit used to show ratio to a reference measurement

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6
Q

what can be used to take photos of microscope images?

A

microscope camera or phone

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7
Q

condenser

A

lens between stage and light source that directs light

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8
Q

resolution

A

ability of microscope to distinguish details (eg res 0.2 mm=only able to distinguish two objects at least 0.2 mm apart)

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9
Q

magnification

A

increase in object’s image compared to actual size

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10
Q

magnification formula

A

M=ML/AL

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11
Q

actual length formula

A

AL=ML/M

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12
Q

differences between light and electron microscopes

A

light
* inexpensive, simple
* only up to 2000x mag and 0.2 micrometre res
* works with living or dead specimen

electron
* expensive, complex
* over 500,000x mag and 0.1 nm res
* only works with dead specimen fixed in plastic

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13
Q

types of electron microscopes

A

scanning (SEM), where beam of electrons scans surface of specimen; transmission (TEM), where beam of electrons pierces through thin section

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14
Q

electron microscope preparation techniques

A

cryogenic electron microscopy and freeze fracture

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15
Q

what is freeze fracture and what is it useful for?

A

specimen is quickly frozen then broken apart, revealing a plane that is examined; understanding cell membrane, identifying proteins, led to Singer-Nicholson model

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16
Q

what is cryogenic electron microscopy and what is it useful for?

A

specimen frozen, enabling computer image showing 3D framework of proteins; understanding viruses, membranes, protein synthesis, hereditary expression

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17
Q

artefacts

A

structural features not existing in cell; result of experimental/preparational procedures

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18
Q

types of light microscopes

A

brightfield, darkfield, phase-contrast

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19
Q

brightfield light microscope

A

most common; condenser lets light through, specimen viewed against light background

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20
Q

darkfield light microscope

A

opaque condenser, specimen viewed against dark background

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21
Q

phase-contrast light microscope

A

condenser with circular diaphragm and modified objective lens, reveals details without staining

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22
Q

light microscope preparation techniques

A

fluorescent stains and immunofluorescence

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23
Q

how are fluorescent stains used and how are they useful?

A

dyes specific cell components; when irradiated by UV/violet-blue light, dyed parts fluoresce; compatible with living cells, detects low concentration molecules

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24
Q

how is immunofluorescence used and what is it useful for?

A

dyed antibodies combine with target molecules (usually proteins); often used to detect viruses, good for understanding virus life cycles, RNA

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25
Q

structures common to all cells

A

DNA, cytoplasm, plasma membrane

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26
Q

which groups of organisms are prokaryotic?

A

bacteria (eg eubacteria e coli, bacillus, staphylococcus) and archaea

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27
Q

which groups of organisms are eukaryotic?

A

plants, animals, fungi, protists

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28
Q

draw a prokaryotic cell with labels

A

capsule, cell wall, membrane, pili, flagellum, cytoplasm, ribosomes, nucleoid region, plasmid

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29
Q

how do antibiotics only target prokaryotes?

A

interfere with only prokaryotic cell wall development and ribosome activity

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30
Q

how can crystal violet be used to identify bacteria?

A

gram-positive bacteria cell walls become violet/blue when dyed, gram-negative doesn’t (eg e coli, bacillus, staphylococcus are gram-positive)

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31
Q

components of prokaryotic cells

A

capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, pili, flagellum, cytoplasm, 70S ribosomes, nucleoid region, plasmid

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32
Q

components of eukaryotic cells

A

cell wall in non-animal cells, chloroplasts in plants, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, 80S ribosomes, nucleus, cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, centrosome, vacuoles, flagella, cilia

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33
Q

capsule

A

polysaccharide layer outside wall allowing for adhesion in prokaryotes

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34
Q

cell wall

A

made of glycoprotein peptidoglycan in prokaryotes, cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi

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35
Q

plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer, semi-permeable, embedded proteins identify cells and allow communication/transport

36
Q

pilus

A

mainly for sexual reproduction, also attachment

37
Q

flagellum

A

movement; larger, attached to basal bodies in cell membrane in eukaryotes; smaller, attached to capsule in prokaryotes

38
Q

cytoplasm

A

matrix of water called cytosol, contains life-giving inorganic molecules, conducts chemical reactions

39
Q

matrix

A

unstructured, semi-fluid region contained in boundary

40
Q

types and structure of ribosome

A

1 protein, 1 rRNA, no membrane, 70S in prokaryotes, 80S eukaryotes

41
Q

difference between 70S and 80S ribosomes

A

S=Svedberg units, rate of sedimentation during centrifugation; 80S produces sedimentation faster and has more mass

42
Q

nucleoid region

A

DNA in prokaryotes; 1 molecule in ring shape, no histones

43
Q

plasmid

A

independent piece of DNA, helps to adapt to unusual situations, researched for genetic engineering (eg CRISPR, family of DNA sequences from bacteriophages used to destroy DNA of similar ones)

44
Q

chloroplast

A

size of bacteria, has own ring-shape DNA and 70S ribosomes; contains thylakoids (flattened sacs that absorb light) stacked in grana, cytoplasm-like stroma

45
Q

nucleus

A

double-layered nuclear envelope with pores; contains nucleolus, which makes ribosomes, and chromatin, which becomes chromosomes during division

46
Q

cytoskeleton

A

actin (micro)filaments aid cell division and movement; intermediate filaments reinforce shape and anchor organelles; microtubules shape and support cells, provide organelle movement paths, aid cell division

47
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

rough has ribosomes and are closer to nucleus; soft has enzymes, produces/transports lipids/phospholipids, sex hormones, detoxes liver, stores Ca, releases glucose

48
Q

lysosome

A

digestive, acidic, single-membrane vesicle formed by golgi; contains up to 40 enzymes, fuses with damaged organelles to break down/recycle

49
Q

phagocytosis

A

when solid materials enter cell

50
Q

pinocytosis

A

when dissolved materials in liquid enter cell

51
Q

golgi apparatus

A

flattened sacs (cisternae) package, modify, distribute materials; cis side near ER receives, trans side releases vesicles; prevalent in glandular cells, secretes substances

52
Q

mitochondria

A

size of bacteria, has own DNA, produces ATP and 70S ribosomes; double membrane, with inner folded into cristae, which increases surface area for reactions; inside matrix and inner membrane space

53
Q

centrosome

A

pair of centrioles that assemble microtubules in animal cells; plants and fungi produce microtubules from centrosome-like regions; located at 1 end, close to nucleus

54
Q

basal body

A

made of centriole and other proteins; located at base of and thought to direct microtubules within cilia/flagella in some cells

55
Q

vacuole

A

stores food, waste, water; formed by golgi; single big in plants for turgor pressure, multiple small in animals

56
Q

microvilus

A

finger-like projection to increase surface area; found on epithelial cells of small intestine and proximal convoluted tubule of nephrons in kidney

57
Q

similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

cell wall and membrane, pilus, flagellum, ribosome, DNA, cytoplasm; conduct all functions of life

58
Q

differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

prokaryote
* 1 DNA molecule in ring form with no histones in nucleoid region
* no mitochondria, cytoskeleton, ER, lysosome, golgi, chloroplast, centrosome, or vacuole, 70S ribosomes, cell wall of peptidoglycan
* simple, mostly smaller than 1 micrometre, no compartmentalization
* binary fission

eukaryote
* linear DNA molecules as chromatin/chromosomes with histones in nucleus
* no capsule, 80S ribosomes, cell wall of cellulose or chitin
* complex, mostly 5-100 micrometres, compartmentalization
* mitosis/meiosis

59
Q

how do unicellular organisms perform functions of life?

A

cell membrane maintains homeostasis, vacuoles store waste and digest, cilia/flagella move in response to stimuli, mitochrondria produce energy, ribosomes synthesize proteins for growth/repair

60
Q

how many species of fungi are there?

A

over 14,000

61
Q

which type of cell was the first eukaryote?

A

fungal cells

62
Q

how do fungi get their nutrients?

A

excrete digestive enzyme and absorb external nutrients

63
Q

functions of fungi

A

decomposition, food, medicine, insect control

64
Q

draw a yeast cell with labels

A

wall with bud scar, porous membrane, nucleus with porous double envelope, cytoplasm, mitochondria with cristae, large vacuole, lipid granule, golgi

65
Q

differences between types of eukaryotic cells

A
  • wall and membrane: plants rigid cellulose wall and membrane, animals membrane, fungi flexible chitin wall and membrane
  • chloroplasts: only plants
  • vacuoles: plants large central for storage, animals and fungi many small many functions
  • carb storage: plants starch, animals and fungi glycogen
  • cilia, flagella, basal bodies: plants usually none, animals may have, fungi only cilia/flagella
  • shape: plants fixed, often angular, animals rounded, fungi varies
  • centrosomes/centrioles: plants and fungi only centrosomes, animals both
  • plastids: plants in chloro-, chromo-, amyloplasts, animals and fungi none
66
Q

types of atypical eukaryotes

A

hyphae, phloem sieve tube elements, erythrocytes, skeletal muscle, nerve, sperm, lung tube cells

67
Q

specific structural feature of hyphae

A

fungi filaments; most are separated by septa, some with no septa become 1 big multinucleate cell

68
Q

phloem sieve tube element function

A

allows transportation in plants

69
Q

specific structural features of phloem sieve tube element

A

minimal organelles (no nucleus, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, cytoplasm), relies on companion cell; end walls have pores, elements connect to form tube

70
Q

another name for red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

71
Q

specific structural feature of red blood cells

A

no nucleus to carry more oxygen

72
Q

specific structural feature of skeletal muscle cells

A

limited membranes result in large, multinucleated tubular cells

73
Q

specific structural feature of nerve cells

A

long and thin with branches

74
Q

specific structural features of sperm cells

A

many mitochrondria; consists of tail and head that produces enzyme for egg penetration

75
Q

specific structural feature of cells in lung tubes

A

many cilia to move mucus and stuff out of airways

76
Q

theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells

A

endosymbiotic theory: 2 billion years ago cell with nucleus and that could sexually reproduce engulfed prokaryote that could produce energy; didn’t digest, developed symbiotic relationship and prokaryote evolved into mitochondria

77
Q

evidence for endosymbiotic theory

A

mitochondria and chloroplast size of bacteria, divides independently with binary fission, 70S ribosomes with similar RNA, similar DNA in ring shape, inner prokaryotic membrane, outer eukaryotic membrane

78
Q

examples of symbiotic relationships with chloroplast-containing organisms

A

protist Hatena arenicola usually ingests organic matter for nutrients, but after ingesting algae, doesn’t digest and is able to photosynthesize to make nutrients; slug Elysia chlorotic is brown in juvenile stage, turns green as adult after ingesting algae

79
Q

systems vs reductionist approach

A

study of larger picture of organisms vs study of smaller parts to put together to understand organism

80
Q

timeline of development of multicellular organisms

A
  • 3.5 billion years ago: prokaryotes
  • 2.2 billion: atmospheric oxygen
  • 1.8 billion: unicellular eukaryotes
  • 1.2 billion: multicellular
  • 535 million: ocean animals
  • 500 million: land animals
81
Q

difference between multicellular organisms and aggregates

A

multicellular have specialized cells organized into tissues/organs with coordinated functions, aggregates don’t and are just colonies of individual cells

82
Q

example of aggregate

A

Volvox: colony of algae

83
Q

stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells that can become specialized and endlessly reproduce

84
Q

what differentiates cells?

A

same genetic code but different gene expression in response to stimuli

85
Q

what is the name for plant stem cell tissue, and where is it found?

A

meristematic tissue, near stem/root tips

86
Q

advantages of multicellular organisms

A

more efficient, larger size provides more protection and allows them to consume smaller organisms

Gr 11 IB Bio (11 decks)

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