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Gr 11 IB Bio > B2.1 Membrane and Membrane Transport > Flashcards

B2.1 Membrane and Membrane Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

structure of phospholipid

A

glycerol with 3 carbons, fatty acids connected to 2 and phosphate connected to OH connected to 1

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2
Q

how is the lipid bilayer partially permeable?

A

only allows small, hydrophobic materials to pass through

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3
Q

when was it discovered that the cell membrane was composed of lipids and proteins?

A

1915

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4
Q

when was the singer-nicolson model conceived and by who?

A

1972, Seymour Singer and Garth Nicholson

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5
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

inherited, stops membrane function, resulting in thickened mucus in airways and digestive issues, among others

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6
Q

kinetic theory and its relation to diffusion/osmosis

A

particles are in constant motion; random movement of gases and liquids allows diffusion/osmosis

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7
Q

diffusion

A

passive transport of small, non-polar particles down concentration gradient across membrane

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8
Q

integral protein

A

permanently attached to membrane by hydrophobic midsection, can be transmembrane or partially penetrating

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9
Q

examples of integral proteins

A

glycoproteins, protein channels and pumps

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10
Q

peripheral proteins

A

temporarily attached to outside of membrane by electrostatic interactions between polar peripheral proteins and polar phosphate heads/integral proteins

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11
Q

examples of peripheral proteins

A

receptors, enzymes

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12
Q

function of integral and peripheral proteins

A

hormone bonding, catalyzes metabolism, adhesion through gap/tight junctions

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13
Q

draw and label the fluid mosaic model

A

peripheral protein, two possible placements of integral protein, channel protein, phospholipids (hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail), carbohydrate chain, glycolipid, glycoprotein, cholesterol

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14
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane

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15
Q

hypertonic

A

higher solute concentration

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16
Q

hypotonic

A

lower solute concentration

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17
Q

isotonic

A

equal solute concentration

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18
Q

aquaporins

A

channel proteins for facilitated diffusion of water, rapid/mass transport; amphipathic

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19
Q

cystinuria

A

disease where protein with cysteine amino acid is absent from kidneys, resulting in amino acid build-up and kidney stones

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20
Q

how selective are channel proteins?

A

there is a different protein for different molecules, each only allows specific molecules through; some gated and only open when stimulated

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21
Q

how are channel proteins amphipathic?

A

philic pore lining, phobic rest of protein

22
Q

carrier vs channel proteins

A

change shape when molecule binds, transports hydrophilic and phobic molecules, for active and passive transport vs opens and closes according to signals, maintains shape, transports hydrophilic molecules, for passive transport

23
Q

how do protein pumps change shape to actively transport molecules?

A
  1. particle binds to site on pump in/out cell, then ATP
  2. ATP is hydrolyzed, becomes 1 phosphate group and ADP, releasing energy
  3. phosphate remains on pump (phosphorylation), changing shape using energy to release particles in/out cell
  4. phosphate released, shape changes back
24
Q

how do carbs attach to proteins and phospholipids on a plasma membrane?

A

glycosylation

25
Q

roles of glycolipids and proteins

A

receptors for hormones and neurotransmitters, identifies self vs non-self cells, adhesion to form tissues

26
Q

glycocalyx

A

layer of carbs attached to proteins, covering cell; common in animals for adhesion, recognition, and reception; fungi/bacteria for adhesion and protection; plants for anchoring membrane to wall

27
Q

fluidity of membranes with saturated fatty acids

A

straight, closer together means increased melting point and higher viscosity, stronger at higher temperatures

28
Q

fluidity of membranes with unsaturated fatty acids

A

bent, further apart means decreased melting point and lower viscosity, stronger at lower temperatures

29
Q

what does bacteria use to adapt to temperatures?

A

fatty acid desaturases

30
Q

what regulates membrane fluidity and how does it do it?

A

cholesterol reduces fluidity and increases melting point at higher temperatures, maintains fluidity and prevents crystalization at lower temperatures

31
Q

how does cholesterol bond to cell membranes?

A

located between fatty acid tails, most of the cholesterol is hydrophobic, but the hydrophilic OH at its end bonds with phosphate head

32
Q

how do plants regulate membrane fluidity?

A

rely on fatty acid structures

33
Q

describe the process in which proteins synthesized by ribosomes are transported out of the cell

A
  1. ribosomes on rough ER synthesize proteins, which enter ER lumen
  2. proteins travel through lumen, packed in vesicles, and sent to golgi
  3. vesicles fuse with cis side of golgi, where proteins are modified
  4. vesicles exit through trans side of golgi and sent to membrane, where they fuse with it and proteins are excreted
34
Q

endocytosis vs exocytosis

A

membrane forms vesicle to bring materials in from outside vs vesicle from inside fuses with membrane to release its contents; both active processes

35
Q

two examples of exocytosis

A

pancreas cells secrete insulin, neurotransmitters are released at synapses (small junctions between nerve cells where impulses are passed by diffusion of neurotransmitter)

36
Q

what are ion channels in neurons?

A

voltage- and ligand-gated channels with hydrophobic pores

37
Q

examples of voltage-gated ion channels

A

Na and K channels involved in action potential movement, Ca iinvolved in synaptic transmission

38
Q

example of ligand-gated ion channel

A

Na channels in postsynaptic neurons opened by acetylcholine attaching to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, allowing Na, K, and Ca through

39
Q

curare

A

muscle relaxant that binds to nicotinic acetylcholine and prevents acetylcholine from opening

40
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

disorder that produces antibodies to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors so that aceylcholine can’t bind, results in incomplete muscle movements

41
Q

what is a sodium-potassium pump?

A

exchange transporter (antiporter) that actively transports Na out of cell and K in cell at a ratio of 3:2

42
Q

purpose of sodium-potassium pumps

A

maintain resting potential in neurons

43
Q

what is the resting potential of a neuron?

A

-70 mV, when no impulses being transmitted

44
Q

how do sodium-potassium pumps transfer nerve impulses?

A

facilitated diffusion of Na in cell depolarizes, generating an impulse that spreads down neuron; K out repolarizes

45
Q

how does a sodium-potassium pump work?

A
  1. 3 Na’s bind
  2. phosphorylation releases them, shape is changed to fit K 3. 2 K’s bind, releasing phosphate
  3. pump changes back to fit Na’s
46
Q

what is indirect active transport, and what is another name for it?

A

when transporter uses energy from molecule moving down concentration gradient to transfer another against (coupled transport)

47
Q

how do sodium-glucose linked transporters work?

A
  1. more glucose in cell, more Na out cell
  2. glucose and Na bind to protein from out
  3. Na passes through down gradient, carrier captures energy
  4. energy transports glucose against gradient
48
Q

where are SGLT’s found?

A

intestines (SGLT1) and nephrons (SGLT2) to absorb glucose

49
Q

hyperglycaemia

A

form of diabetes when SGLT2 reabsorbs too much glucose from urea

50
Q

examples of cell-adhesion molecules

A

desmosomes form sturdy, flexible sheets in stomach, heart, etc. that are stretched, linked to intermediate filaments; plasmodesmata are tubes that connect cytoplasm in plants

51
Q

cell junction

A

places were CAM’s are

52
Q

types of junctions

A

tight junctions form seals, gap are channels for communication, adherens are linked to actin filaments

Gr 11 IB Bio (15 decks)

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