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WSET 4 D1 by Sarp Sarac > D1.C7. Canopy Management > Flashcards

D1.C7. Canopy Management Flashcards

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1
Q

What is canopy management?

A

It is the organisation of the shoots, leaves and fruit of the vine in order to maximise grape yield and quality

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2
Q

What are the aims of canopy management?

A
  • Maximise the effectiveness of light interception
  • Reduce the shade within the canopy
  • Ensure that the microclimate for the grapes is as uniform as possible
  • Promote balance between the vegetative and reproductive functions of the vine
  • Ease mechanisation and/or manual labour
  • Promote air circulation to reduce the incidence of disease
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3
Q

What is the effect of exposure to sunlight on the buds.

A

Exposure to sunlight is associated with greater bud fruitfulness, which describes the number of inflorescences developing inside a latent bud

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4
Q

How does promoting sunlight exposure within the canopy affect the grape development?

A
  • Increased sugar levels in grapes through greater overall photosynthesis
  • Increased tannin levels and greater polymerisation of those tannins, leading to less bitterness
  • Enhanced anthocyanin (colour) development (in black grapes)
  • Decreased malic acid
  • Increased levels of some favourable aroma precursors and aroma compounds (such as terpenes)
  • Decreased methoxypyrazines
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5
Q

What is the aim of canopy management in hot climates?

A

Providing certain amount of shade

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6
Q

Why are dense canopies risk factor for fungal diseases?

A
  • Dense, shaded canopies dry out more slowly after rainfall or morning dew
  • Dense canopies are also problematic when spraying fungicides
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7
Q

What is optimal yield?

A

The optimal yield is one that will allow the grape grower to grow the maximum weight of grapes that have the required composition for the desired wine style and quality

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8
Q

In which part of the vine cycle, sugars and other compounds needed for growth are mainly allocated to the fruit, and shoot growth is depressed?

A

Véraison

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9
Q

What are the results of under-cropping?

A
  • Shoot growth continues through the vine cycle because there is not much fruit to ripen
  • The growing shoots and leaves compete with the grapes for sugar and other compounds
  • This also leads to a dense, shady canopy, and hence lower quality fruit due to lack of sunlight interception
  • This may also result in low yields the next year due to reduced bud fruitfulness
  • Low yields in the next season may lead to under-cropping in that year and hence the vine enters what is known as ‘a vegetative cycle’
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10
Q

What are the results of over-cropping?

A
  • The vine may gain sugars from the carbohydrates stored in the trunks, cordons (where applicable) and roots
  • Too high yield weakens the vine in future years
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11
Q

What is yield? How is it measured?

A
  • Yield is a measure of the amount of fruit produced
  • It can either be measured per vine (e.g. kg per vine) or over a set area (e.g. kg per hectare or tons per acre)
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12
Q

What are the factors, which determine the yield?

A
  • Environmental factors: Temperature, water, soil fertility
  • Vigour of the grape variety: e.g. Cabernet Sauvignon
  • Choice of rootstock
  • Viruses
  • Age of the vine
  • Wine style: e.g. rose wines
  • Winter pruning
  • Summer pruning
  • Laws
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13
Q

The yield over a set area depends on:

A

The yield per vine and the planting density

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14
Q

What is vine density?

A

It is the number of vines that are planted per hectare of vineyard. It can range from as low as a few hundred vines per hectare to over 10,000 per hectare

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15
Q

What are the factors which influence optimum vine density?

A
  • Vigour of the vine (which in turn is influenced by natural resources and planting materials)
  • The type of trellising system used
  • What access is needed between the vines
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16
Q

Which kind of vines can be planted very closely together?

A

Vines that are low in vigour and VSP trellised

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17
Q

What happens if vines with high vigour are planted very closely together?

A

It would lead to overlapping canopies and increased shading, reducing ripeness and quality

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18
Q

Why are the vines grown in dry regions without irrigation may also be planted at low density, despite not being large in size?

A

So that the roots can spread out (without competition from other vines) in search for as much water as possible

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19
Q

Which factors should be considered while determining between-row spacing?

A
  • Vine rows should be planted far enough apart so that one row does not shade the next
  • The width of any machinery that might be used
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20
Q

Which kinds of vineyards are cheaper to establish and maintain?

A

Low density, widely spaced, trellised vineyards

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21
Q

What are the factors which determine row orientation?

A
  • Even exposure to sunlight: North-south orientation
  • Prevailing winds: Choosing to orient the rows at a 90° angle to the direction of the wind to provide most protection
  • Logistic: Orienting rows parallel to the longest side of the vineyard is often the most efficient option
  • Slopes: Vineyards on slopes at an angle of greater than 10% need to be planted up and down the slope rather than across or machinery may slip (unless the vineyard is terraced)
22
Q

In vineyards with north-south orientation, what can be done to protect the grapes on the west side of the canopy to prevent sunburn?

A

Leave a denser canopy on the west side

23
Q

The most appropriate training and trellising method will depend on:

A
  • The vigour of the vine:
    + Natural sources available
    + Planting material (variety, clone, rootstock)
    + Presence of any disease
    + Human factors (e.g. RDI)
  • The topography of the site: vines on some steep sites in the Northern Rhône, France and Mosel, Germany must be trained on individual stakes, rather than a wired trellis
  • Need for mechanisation: VSP-trellised vines are generally suited to mechanisation as all the fruit tends to be in the same area for each vine
24
Q

What are the advantages of low-training of vines?

A
  • Benefit from the heat retained by the soil
  • Protection from wind
25
Q

What are the advantages of high-training of vines?

A
  • Avoiding frost
  • Harvesting is easier
26
Q

Which kind of training takes longer time to establish, head or cordon? Why?

A
  • Cordon training
  • It takes longer to establish than head training due to the amount of permanent wood
27
Q

What are the types of winter pruning?

A
  • Spur pruning: Spurs are short sections of one-year-old wood that have been cut back to only two or three buds
  • Replacement cane pruning: Canes are longer sections of one-year-old wood and can have anything between 8 and 20 buds
28
Q

Which pruning system is more complex?

A

Replacement cane pruning is more complex than spur pruning and requires a skilled labour force to select suitable canes and train them

29
Q

What does the number of buds left on the vine depend on?

A

The vigour of the vine

30
Q

What are trelises?

A

Trellises are permanent structures of posts and wires that help to support and position the vine’s shoots

31
Q

What are “bush vines”?

A

They are untrellised head traned and spur pruned vines?

32
Q

Bush vines are seen predominantly in which climates?

A

In hot and sunny regions such as La Mancha in Spain

33
Q

What are the advantages of bush vines?

A
  • Easy and inexpensive to develop
  • The shoots may also droop down, providing shade for the grapes
34
Q

What are the disadvantages of bush vines?

A
  • Not suitable for mechanisation
  • If the vine is too vigorous, the canopy can become too dense and shade the fruit too much
  • Wet conditions would also promote the development of disease in this dense canopy
35
Q

What are the advantages of trellised vineyards?

A
  • The shoots can be spread out to maximise light interception
  • Increase air flow through the canopy (reducing risk of fungal disease)
  • By positioning the fruit in one area, aid mechanisation
36
Q

What are the disadvantages of trellised vineyards?

A
  • Expensive to establish and maintain
37
Q

What is the most common type of trellising?

A

Vertical shoot positioning (VSP)

38
Q

VSP can be used in which kind of training/pruning systems?

A

It can be used on both head-trained, replacement cane-pruned vines and cordon-trained, spur-pruned vines

39
Q

What is “Guyot” training

A

Head trained, replacement cane pruned vines

40
Q

VSP is best suited with which kind of vines?

A

VSP is best suited to vines with low or moderate vigour.

41
Q

What is the aim of complex training systems?

A

They are invented to split the canopy to reduce shade and maximise light interception

42
Q

Name two complex trellising systems which are split horizontally and tell their difference

A
  • Lyre: Upward vertical
  • Geneva Double Curtain: Downward vertical
43
Q

What are the aims of summer pruning?

A
  • Enhancing grape ripening
  • Reducing chance of fungal
    disease
  • Making the vineyard easier to manage
44
Q

Name the summer pruning practices

A
  • Disbudding
  • Shoot removal
  • Shoot positioning
  • Pinching
  • Shoot trimming
  • Leaf removal
  • Crop thinning (green harvesting)
45
Q

Which of the summer pruning practices can not be mechanised?

A
  • Pinching
  • Disbudding
46
Q

What are the aims of disbudding?

A
  • To adjust the number of buds to bring the vine into balance
  • Remove poorly positioned buds (facing downwards or too close)
  • Remove buds of non-fruit baring shoots
47
Q

What is the aim of shoot removal?

A

The removal of shoots, often laterals, that are infertile or poorly positioned

48
Q

What is the aim of pinching?

A

Removing the shoot tips at flowering to improve fruit set

49
Q

What are the aims of shoot trimming?

A
  • Cutting shoots to limit growth and reduce canopy thickness enhances fruit ripening
  • Better air circulation and improved spray penetration.
50
Q

What are the aims of leaf removal?

A
  • To reduce shading of fruit and hence enhance ripening
  • To lower disease pressure through better air circulation and improved spray penetration
51
Q

What is the risk of excessive leaf removal?

A

Sunburn

52
Q

What are the aims of green harvesting?

A
  • To increase ripeness of those grapes left on the vine
  • To improve the uniformity of ripening in cases where the fruit ripening is uneven (uneven budburst or fruit set, frost, bunches in lateral shoots)

WSET 4 D1 by Sarp Sarac (19 decks)

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