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WSET 4 D1 by Sarp Sarac > D1.C.6 Managing Nutrients and Water > Flashcards

D1.C.6 Managing Nutrients and Water Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the factors which determine the soil health?

A
  • Structure of the soil (drainage, water holding capacity, oxygen, resistance to erosion, root penetration)
  • Amount of organic matter and humus
  • Number of living organisms (earthworm and microbes)
  • Total amount of available nutrients
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2
Q

What are the sources of organic fertilizers?

A
  • Animal: Manure or slurry
  • Plants: Cover crops mown and turned into the soil ( green manure)
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3
Q

What are the advantages of organic fertilizers?

A
  • Cheap or even free
  • High in humus, therefore good for soil structure and water retention
  • Nutrients become available to the vine gradually
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4
Q

What are the disadvantages of organic fertilizers?

A
  • They need to be broken down into inorganic nutrients by organisms, they require incorporation into the soil, which requires labour
  • They can be bulky and therefore expensive to transport and spread
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5
Q

What are the advantages of inorganic fertilizers?

A
  • The nutrients are already in an inorganic form and therefore can be more readily available to the vines
  • Cheaper to transport and distribute
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6
Q

What are the disadvantages of inorganic fertilizers?

A
  • They hold no benefit for soil organisms
  • They do not improve soil structure
  • They are more expensive
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7
Q

What are the methods to control weeds?

A
  • Cultivation
  • Herbicides
  • Animal grazing
  • Cover crops
  • Mulching
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8
Q

How does cultivation work to control weeds?

A

It cuts or disturbs weeds’ root systems

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9
Q

What are the advantages of cultivation?

A
  • This method does not use any chemicals and so can be
    used in organic and biodynamic viticulture
  • It enables fertiliser and, where relevant, mown cover crops to be incorporated into the soil at the same time as removing weeds
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10
Q

What are the disadvantages of cultivation?

A
  • Repeated cultivation can damage the soil’s structure
  • It is costly as it requires both skilled labour and machinery
  • Disturbing the soil buries seeds, thus encouraging the weeds to grow back
  • It can increase vine vigour too much
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11
Q

What are the types of herbicides?

A
  • Pre-emergence herbicides: They persist in the surface layers of the soil but are absorbed by the weeds’ roots and inhibit germination of young seedlings
  • Contact herbicides: Sprayed on established weeds, kill the green parts of the weed that they contact, resulting in the death of the plant
  • Systemic herbicides: Sprayed on established weeds and are taken in by the leaves. The herbicide travels up and down the weed in the sap and kills the whole plant
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12
Q

What are the advantages of herbicides?

A
  • Cheap
  • Highly effective
  • Less damaging to the soil structure than cultivation
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13
Q

What are the disadvantages of herbicides?

A
  • Risk of poisoning to the operator, consumer and environment
  • Weed resistance (eg glyphosphate resistant ryegrass)
  • They can increase vine vigour too much as there is no competition
  • Not allowed in organic and biodynamic viticulture
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14
Q

What are the advantages of animal grazing?

A
  • No chemicals
  • Animals can provide the vineyard with manure
  • Animals can be a source of meat for humans
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15
Q

What are the disadvantages of animal grazing?

A
  • The vines must be trained suitably high or the grazing must be conducted out of growing season
  • The animals need caring for if they belong to the vineyard owners, which requires labour
  • The animals are often susceptible to vineyard pesticides
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16
Q

What are the functions of cover crops?

A
  • Suppression of weeds
  • Improvement of soil structure
  • Compete with vine for nutrients and water in fertile sites
  • Decrease soil erosion
  • Enhance biodiversity
  • Provide a surface to drive on
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17
Q

What are the most frequently used cover crops?

A
  • Legumes (beans and clover)
  • Cereals (ryegrass and oats)
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18
Q

What are the advantages of cover crops?

A
  • No chemicals and so can be used in organic and biodynamic viticulture
  • Increases soil biological activity and biodiversity
  • The ability to influence the vigour of the vine by introducing competition for water and nutrients
  • The provision of a good surface for machinery, particularly in climates with high annual rainfall
  • Decrease erosion
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19
Q

What are the disadvantages of cover crops?

A
  • A reduction in vine vigour in poor soils and dry environments
  • The difficulty of mowing the under-row area
  • The unsuitability for steeply sloping vineyards, as they are slippery when wet
20
Q

Mulches are usually made of which kinds of materials?

A

Biodegradable materials like straw or bark chips

21
Q

What are the advantages of mulching?

A
  • No chemicals and so can be used in organic and biodynamic viticulture
  • Reduce water evaporation from the soil, which can be advantageous in dry climates
  • It can ultimately be a source of nutrients and humus
22
Q

What are the disadvantages of mulching?

A
  • Expensive to transport and spread
  • It is only effective if applied in a thick layer, so a lot can be needed
  • It can increase vigour too much
23
Q

In which conditions, irrigation is necessary and should be a part of vineyard design?

A
  • Areas that is likely to receive very little water through the growing season
  • Areas with very free-draining soils
24
Q

Some EU GIs permit irrigation only..

A

In emergency situations ( establishing young vines, drought that threatens the livelihood of grape growers)

25
Q

What can be done to increase the efficiency of water use in the vineyard and winery?

A
  • Using water-efficient irrigation systems
  • Using drought-tolerant grape varieties (Grenache) or rootstocks (140R)
  • Reducing evaporation (e.g. by applying a mulch
  • Reducing competition (e.g. by removing weeds)
  • Increasing humus levels in the soil to improve water retention (e.g. by adding organic matter such as compost)
  • Promoting the growth of vine roots deep into the soil (e.g. through cultivation)
  • Consideration of ways in which water that is used for cleaning can be re-used
26
Q

What is the effect of high salinity of the soil? Name one country, which salinity is a problem.

A
  • High salinity makes it more difficult for vine roots to take up water
  • Australia
27
Q

Which type of irrigation is more problematic in case of high salinity? Why?

A

Drip irrigation, as the salt accumulates at the root zone, rather than being washed deeper into the soil, for example by flood irrigation

28
Q

What is the most common type of irrigation?

A

Drip irrigation

29
Q

How are the drippers positioned in relation with vine? Why?

A

The drippers are positioned far enough away from the vines to encourage the roots to grow and seek out water.

30
Q

What are the advantages of drip irrigation?

A
  • Economic use of water
  • Possible to control water supply to individual rows or blocks of vines, allowing more tailored management
  • Can also be used to supply fertiliser (fertigation)
  • Can be used in slopes
31
Q

What are the disadvantages of drip irrigation?

A
  • High cost
  • Clean water is required, otherwise the drippers quickly become blocked
  • Some maintenance work is usually required
  • They cannot be used in frost protection
32
Q

What are the advantages of flood irrigation?

A
  • Cheap to install
  • Cheap to maintain
33
Q

What are the disadvantages of flood irrigation?

A
  • Inefficient
  • Can not be used on slopes
34
Q

Compare channel irrigation with flood irrigation

A

They are more efficient in terms of water use

35
Q

What are the advantages of overhead sprinklers?

A
  • More efficient than flood irrigation in terms of water use
  • Can be used as a protection from frost
36
Q

What are the disadvantages of overhead sprinklers?

A
  • Expensive to install and maintain due to the high water
    pressures needed
  • Less efficient than drip irrigation in terms of water use
  • Can increase fungal infections
37
Q

What is regulated deficit irrigation (RDI)?

A

It is a system of timing and regulating the amount of irrigation so that the vine is put under mild to moderate water stress for a specified time within the growing season

38
Q

At which time of the vine cycle, regulated deficit irrigation is usually scheduled?

A

It is usually scheduled between fruit set and véraison to limit further shoot growth and encourage grape development

39
Q

RDI is easiest at which climate and soil conditions?

A
  • Dry growing season
  • Sandy or loam soils that dry out quickly
40
Q

What are the advantages of RDI?

A
  • Vine growth and grape development can be better controlled
  • Less water is used
41
Q

Why is RDI is often favoured for black grapes?

A

As it can reduce grape size, which increases the proportion of skins to juice, and hence increases the concentration of anthocyanins and tannins

42
Q

Why is timing of water application and monitoring of soil water levels is critical in RDI?

A

Although mild stress between fruit set and véraison can be beneficial, prolonged or extreme stress can lead to reduction in yield and quality

43
Q

What does “dry farming” refer to?

A

It tends to refer to not using irrigation in areas with limited rainfall in the growing season (rather than not using irrigation because there is plentiful rainfall)

44
Q

What are the benefits of installing artificial drainage systems?

A
  • Having healthier, better balanced vines that are better able to ripen grapes consistently
  • Good drainage also aids mechanisation in the vineyard by providing a better surface to drive on
45
Q

What are the other options other than artificial drainage systems, in areas with high rainfall during growing season?

A
  • Leaving natural vegetation to grow or planting specific crops to provide competition for water (cover crops)
  • Improving soil structure and removing any plough pans to better regulate water drainage

WSET 4 D1 by Sarp Sarac (19 decks)

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