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WSET 4 D1 by Sarp Sarac > D1.C4. Approaches to Grape Growing > Flashcards

D1.C4. Approaches to Grape Growing Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the aims of conventional viticulture and how are these achieved?

A
  • Raising production levels with the help of chemical inputs, irrigation and clonal selection
  • Reducing labor requirements with the help of mechanization
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2
Q

What are the advantages of monocultures?

A
  • The ability to mechanise the work in the vineyard
  • The reduction of competition from other plants
  • The ability to tend to the specific needs of the grape variety planted (irrigation, nutrition level, treatments against hazards, pests and diseases) and hence to increase yields while minimising costs
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3
Q

What are the disadvantages of monocultures?

A
  • Plants are more prone to diseases
  • Nutrients can be depleted as there is no natural ecosystem to replenish nutrients, requiring more applications of fertilisers
  • Residual chemicals from treatments can find their way into groundwater or the air, creating environmental damage
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4
Q

What are the three themes of sustainable viticulture?

A
  • Economic sustainability
  • Social sustainability
  • Environmental sustainability
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5
Q

What are the aims of environmental sustainability?

A
  • Promote natural ecosystems in the vineyard
  • Maintain biodiversity
  • Manage waste
  • Minimize chemical and energy use
  • Reduce the impact of viticulture on wider environment
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6
Q

How can a grape grower reduce the amount of spraying rather than simply following a regimented calendar of spraying?

A

By developing an in-depth understanding of the lifecycles of the vine and of vineyard pests and to monitor weather forecasts so that they can predict and prevent a pest or disease outbreak

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7
Q

What are the components of integrated pest management (IPM)?

A
  • Setting thresholds at which action needs to be taken
  • Identifying and monitoring pests
  • Setting up preventive measures
  • Evaluating and implementing control options when if threshold levels are exceeded and preventative measures have not been effective
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8
Q

What do the institutions that support grape growers supply to growers for IPM?

A
  • Know when to look for a named pest (e.g. caterpillars, moths)
  • Know what signs to look for
  • See photos of the pest and the damage it does, to help with identification know how to calculate thresholds when treatment is warranted
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9
Q

When does the grape grower intervene?

A
  • The grape grower regularly monitors the scale of potential problems and only intervenes before they reach an economic threshold
  • They seek to anticipate problems, to boost the vine’s own defence mechanisms and to act at the most effective time
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10
Q

What are the advantages of sustainable viticulture?

A
  • A more thoughtful approach to grape growing, with attention to the economic, social and environmental impact of viticulture
  • Minimizing the number of interventions needed
  • Reduction of spraying of synthetic and traditional treatments
  • Cost saving
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11
Q

What are the disadvantages of sustainable viticulture?

A
  • No clear set of standards
  • The danger that nationwide standards for sustainability can be set too low
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12
Q

What is the aim of organic viticulture?

A

To improve the vineyard soil and the range of microbes and animals such as earthworms thereby increase the health and disease-resistance of the vine

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13
Q

What are the key features of organic viticulture?

A
  • Application of compost
  • Cultivation of cover crops
  • Use of natural fertilizers (animal dung, natural calcium carbonate)
  • Reduction of monoculture
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14
Q

What kinds of applications are not allowed in organic viticulture?

A
  • Synthetic fertilizers
  • Fungicides
  • Herbicides
  • Pesticides
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15
Q

How do organic grape growers fight against disease?

A
  • By traditional remedies such as sulfur and copper sulfate to combat mildews, and monitor the weather closely to determine when spraying against
    mildew is really necessary
  • By natural predators (to protect against grey rot, the bacterium Bacillus subtilis can be introduced)
  • By sexual confusion techniques, with the use of pheromone tags or capsules to disrupt the mating patterns of insects such as moths and mealy bugs, and in this way, limit their populations
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16
Q

How can you compare organic viticulture with conventional viticulture in terms of yields and costs?

A

In organic viticulture the yields are slightly lower and additional labor need bring additional costs

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17
Q

How many percent of world’s vineyards are organic?

A

5.4 %

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18
Q

Which continent has the highest percentage of organic vineyards?

A

Europe (84%)

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19
Q

Which country has the highest percentage of organic vineyards?

A

Italy (15.8%)

20
Q

Which countries are the largest market for organic wines?

A
  • Germany
  • France
  • UK
  • USA
  • Sweden
  • Japan
21
Q

What are the advantages of organic viticulture?

A
  • Improvement of the health and disease-resistance of the vine
  • Improvement of the health of the soil
  • Elimination of spraying synthetic chemicals
  • Saving on the cost of synthetic chemicals
22
Q

What are the disadvantages of organic viticulture?

A
  • A possible small reduction in yield
  • Possibility of significant reductions in yield in difficult years
  • Increased reliance on copper sprays, which may in turn lead to the build-up of heavy metal in the soils
  • The cost and time expended on certification
23
Q

Who are the pioneers of biodynamic viticulture?

A

Rudolph Steiner and Maria Thun

24
Q

What are the components of biodynamic viticulture?

A
  • Organic practices
  • Philosophy
  • Cosmology
25
Q

What does biodynamic practices seek to achieve?

A

Regarding the farm as an organism, seeking to achieve a balance between the physical and higher, non-physical realms

26
Q

Practitioners of biodynamic viticulture adapt their practices according to which events in nature?

A

Cycles of the planets, moon and stars

27
Q

Ascending moon is the best time to do which practice in biodynamic viticulture?

A

A summer mood is evoked, sap is rising and therefore this is an appropriate time to take cuttings for grafting,

28
Q

Descending moon is the best time to do which practice in biodynamic viticulture?

A

A winter mood is evoked, and roots are favoured:this is the best time to plant vines or to prune

29
Q

What are preparations used in biodynamic viticulture, what are they used for?

A

They are homeopathic remedies used to fertilize the soil, treat the diseases, ward off pests and to enhance and strengthen the life forces on the farm

30
Q

What is preparation 500?

A

Horn manure. It is made by stuffing cow manure into a cow’s horn and burying the horn in the soil throughout the winter. It is then dug up and the contents are dynamised. This is the action of stirring the contents of the horn into water (creating a vortex and then reversing it) so that the water is said to memorise the power of the preparation, which can then be passed on to the vineyard. This preparation is then sprayed onto the soil as a homeopathic compost; it is believed to catalyse humus formation

31
Q

What is preparation 501?

A

Horn silica. made by filling a cow’s horn with ground quartz (silica) and burying it for six months. It is also then dug up, dynamised and sprayed onto the soil. It is thought to encourage plant growth

32
Q

How is the use of compost different in biodynamic viticulture?

A

The compost has to be first ‘activated’ by a series of starters added in tiny quantities

33
Q

What are the starters used to activate the compost?

A
  • Yarrow, chamomile, nettle, oak bark,dandelion or valerian prepared in various ways (for example, the yarrow is buried in a deer’s bladder).
  • These are known as preparations 502–507 and they assist with the decomposition of the compost
34
Q

How do the biodynamic growers fight with disease?

A
  • Like organic grape growers, they use traditional (copper and sulphur) sprays
  • Ashing: Spreading the ashes of burnt weed seeds or harmful animals (eg. rats or sparrows) on the vineyards to ward off these hazards
35
Q

Name the most prominent certification body for biodynamic viticulture

A

Demeter

36
Q

How is the cost of biodynamic viticulture when compared to organic viticulture?

A

The additional costs of biodynamic grape growing are estimated to be little more than organic growing, generally due to the need for additional labour to tend the vineyard

37
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of biodynamic viticulture?

A

Same as organic viticulture

38
Q

What is the aim of precision viticulture?

A

To collect data from the vineyard (soil, vine vigour, topography and plant growth) to respond changes from plot to plot and from row to row

39
Q

How can be the data collected in precision viticulture?

A
  • Remote: By sensors on aircraft
  • Proximal: By sensors mounted on a tractor or harvester
40
Q

What is variable-rate application technology?

A

Interventions in the vineyard are targeted in the light of the data collected

41
Q

What are the aims of all interventions in precision viticulture?

A
  • Producing the best quality and the yield
  • Reducing the environmental impact
  • Reducing the costs on treatments
42
Q

Why is precision viticulture is only an option for in larger scale viticulture or high-value smaller estates?

A

Because it requires considerable amount of upfront investment (sensors, software)

43
Q

Where is precision viticulture widely used in the world?

A

California and Australia

44
Q

What are the advantages of precision viticulture?

A
  • Detailed understanding of variations in the vineyard that affect yield and quality between and within vineyards
  • Ability to tailor a wide range of interventions (choice of variety and rootstock, canopy management, treatments, harvest dates) to individual blocks or even rows of vines, with the aim of improving yields and/or quality
45
Q

What are the disadvantages of precision viticulture?

A
  • Initial cost of remote data collection
  • Cost of sensors and software and of either consultancy or trained staff to interpret the data and make interventions in the light of it

WSET 4 D1 by Sarp Sarac (19 decks)

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