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WSET 4 D1 by Sarp Sarac > D1. C1. The Vine > Flashcards

D1. C1. The Vine Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main structures of the shoots

A
  • Buds
  • Leaves
  • Tendrils
  • Lateral shoots
  • Inflorescences (grape bunches)
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2
Q

What are the “nodes”?

A

They are the swellings along the shoot, where other structures are attached

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3
Q

What is an internode?

A

The lengths between nodes

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4
Q

Define “lignification”?

A

It is the process green shoots become woody, rigid and brown

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5
Q

When the shoots lignify, they are called as:

A

Canes

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6
Q

Buds are located between which structures of the shoots?

A

Petiole and stem

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7
Q

Name the types of buds

A
  • Compound (latent) buds
  • Prompt buds
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8
Q

What are the differences between compound (latent) buds and prompt buds?

A
  • Compound (latent) buds form in the previous season and produce shoots in the following season
  • Prompt buds form and break up in the same season and they produce lateral shoots
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9
Q

What type of buds do the compound buds have? What are their differences?

A
  • Primary, secondary and tertiary
  • Primary bud is the main growing point, secondary and tertiary buds usually grow only if the primary bud is damaged
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10
Q

How are lateral shoots different than primary shoots?

A
  • They are smaller and thinner than primary shoots
  • They sometimes carry inflorescences
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11
Q

What is the main function of lateral shoots?

A

To allow the plant to carry on growing, if the primary shoot has been damaged

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12
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of lateral shoots?

A
  • Advantages: They can provide additional source of leaves for photosynthesis
  • Disadvantages: Growth of lateral shoots nearer the base of the primary shoot can impede the air flow and shade the fruit
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13
Q

What is “second crop”?

A

Inflorescences from lateral shoots

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14
Q

Name a grape variety that often forms inflorescences on lateral shoots

A

Pinot Noir

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15
Q

How are the bunches in the second crop different from the main crop, if harvested at the same time?

A
  • High in acidity
  • Lower in sugar
  • May have unripe tannins and aromas and flovors
  • Less color in black grapes
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16
Q

What is the advantage of removing second crop by green harvesting?

A

Improving the uniformity of ripeness of the remaining bunches

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17
Q

What is the function of tendrils?

A

The tendrils curl around trellis wires and keep the canopy in place

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18
Q

Are the tendrils enough to hold the vine to the trellis?

A

Grape growers typically do not trust the tendrils to hold the vine to the trellis on their own and therefore they tie in canes and shoots as necessary.

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19
Q

What are the functions of stomata?

A

They let water diffuse out and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis to enter

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20
Q

What is “transpiration”?

A

Drawing water and nutrients from the soil up through the vine to the leaves, as water diffuses from the leaf

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21
Q

What is the reaction of stomata, when the vine is water stressed?

A

They partially close

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22
Q

What is the number of inflorescences on each shoot?

A

It can depend on the grape variety but is usually between one and three

23
Q

What are the disadvantages of the grape varieties which have tight bunches?

A

They are more prone to fungal diseases due to the increased likelihood of grape-skin splitting during growth and lack of air flow through the bunch

24
Q

Name one grape variety which have tight bunches

A

Pinot Noir

25
Q

What are the parts of grape berry?

A
  • Skin
  • Pulp
  • Seeds
26
Q

What does the pulp contain?

A
  • Water
  • Sugar
  • Acids
  • Aroma compound
  • Aroma precursors
27
Q

What is the color of the pulp?

A

The pulp of most grapes is colourless, exceptions include teinturier varieties

28
Q

Name one teninturier variety

A

Alicante Bouschet

29
Q

What does the grape skin contain?

A
  • Aroma compounds and precursors
  • Tannins
  • Colour
30
Q

What do the seed contain?

A
  • Oils
  • Tannin
  • Embryo
31
Q

What is “bloom”?

A

Powdery waxy coating of the grape

32
Q

What is “one-year old wood”?

A

Shoots from the previous growing season that were not removed at pruning

33
Q

What does one-year old wood contain?

A

The compound buds that will break to release the shoots for the upcoming growing season.

34
Q

Depending on how the vine is pruned the one-year-old wood will either be:

A

Cane or spur

35
Q

What is “permanent wood”?

A

Woody parts of the vine that are older than one year, including the trunk

36
Q

What are the functions of trunk and cordons?

A
  • Provide support for the other parts of the vine
  • Transport water and solutes to and from different parts of the vine
  • Store carbohydrates and nutrients
37
Q

What are the functions of the roots?

A
  • Provides anchorage
  • Uptake of water and nutrients
  • Store carbohydrates
  • Produce hormones
38
Q

What is the depth of the soil, where most of the vine’s roots are found?

A

50 cm

39
Q

What are the factors which modify the main framework of roots?

A
  • Soil properties
  • Irrigation
  • Cultivation
  • Type of rootstock
40
Q

What are the advantages of cutting technique over layering?

A
  • Many small cuttings can be obtained from a single vine
  • It permits the use of rootstocks
  • Nurseries can treat vine cuttings to avoid spread of diseases.
41
Q

Why are the vines not propagated through seeds?

A

Vines that grow through seeds seeds are not genetically identical to the parent vines

42
Q

What is “clonal selection”?

A

Selection of vines with favourable characteristics for propagation by cuttings to grow new vines with these favourable characteristics

43
Q

What is the difference between clone 115 and clone 521 of Pinot Noir?

A
  • Clone 115 has low yields of small grapes, which is suited for high quality red wine production
  • Clone 521 has higher yields of bigger grapes, which is suited for sparkling wine production, because tannins and color from the skins are not needed
44
Q

What happens if the mutation of a vine is very significant?

A

It is classified as a new grape variety

45
Q

Name 4 mutations of Pinot grape, which created new grape variety

A
  • Pinot Noir
  • Pinot Blanc
  • Pinot Meunier
  • Pinot Gris
46
Q

Why a grape grower will often choose to buy and plant a number of different clones of the same grape variety, where available?

A

Although it is easier to manage the vineyard by using a single clone, it has some disadvantages:
- Less diversity of the fruit, hence potentially producing a wine with less complexity and balance
- Vineyard is more susceptible to disease or pests

47
Q

What is “Selection Massale”?

A

Wine growers take cuttings from the vines form their own vineyards and cultivate these cuttings

48
Q

How are the vines are selected to be propagated for mass selection?

A
  • Cuttings are obtained from several different vines
  • Generally, the best-performing vines are selected
  • They are selected after several years of monitoring and recording their performance.
49
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of mass selection?

A

Advantages.
- Increases the diversity of planting material in the vineyard and throughout the region
- It can enhance fruit quality and/or yield
Disadvantages
- Selection and monitoring of vines to ensure the propagation of the best vines is costly in terms of time and labour
- If the parent vine is infected, it i likely to be passsed onto new vines

50
Q

What is the difference between a crossing and a hybrid?

A
  • When the two parent vines are from the same species, the offspring is called a cross
  • When the two parent vines are from different species, the offspring is called a hybrid.
51
Q

Name the best known hybrid and its parents

A

Vidal Blanc, often simply called Vidal, from Ugni Blanc (V. vinifera) and a member of the Seibel family (American parentage).

52
Q

What is the aim of producing new crossings and hybrids?

A

Create an offspring that has the favourable characteristics of the two parent vines

53
Q

What is the main drawback of crossings and hybrids?

A

Unfortunately, most hybrids and crossings do not produce fruit that matches the quality of their parents

54
Q

What is the main use of hybrids in viticulture?

A

They are useful as rootstocks which can provide resistance against diseases, pests and climatic extremes

WSET 4 D1 by Sarp Sarac (19 decks)

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