Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

D1: Production of Wine > D1C08 Hazards, Pests & Diseases > Flashcards

D1C08 Hazards, Pests & Diseases Flashcards

Specific to hazards, pests & diseases: 1.2.3 Describe vineyard management options. 1.2.4 Explain how vineyard management options relate to the growing environment. 1.2.5 Explain how vineyard management options influence the production and ripening of grapes.

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
WSET ® Level 1 Wine flashcards WSET ® Level 2 Wine flashcards WSET ® Level 3 Wine flashcards WSET ® Level 2 Spirits flashcards WSET ® Level 1 Spirits flashcards Wine Appreciation flashcards Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards WSET ® Level 3 Spirits flashcards WSET® Level 4 Wine flashcards
1
Q

What are management options for drought? (3)

A

1) irrigation systems 2) drought-resistant rootstocks 3) drought-tolerant varieties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens during drought?

A

Loss of water = stomata closes = reduces photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens during excess water?

A

Leads to too much fungal growth = competes with grape ripening/too much shading = fungal diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are management options for excess water? (1)

A

Plant on slope/free draining soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens during untimely rainfall?

A
  • during pollination/fruit set = millerandage or coulure - mid season = reduce the rate of ripening fruit (you want water deficiency at this time) - close to vintage = grapes swell with water = splitting = grey rot
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are management options for untimely rainfall? (1)

A

Monitoring forecasts and considering early harvest if necessary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are management options for winter freeze? (3)

A

1) Site selection (hillside is warmer, near water, where snow settles) 2) Choice of variety (ex. CF or Riesling) 3) Protecting vines (bury, build up soil around them, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two types of frosts?

A

1) Advective - caused by large volumes of cold air moving in from very cold areas 2) Radiative - result of heat being lost on cool, still nights

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are management options for frost? (5)

A

1) Avoid frost pockets/choose hillside sites 2) Delaying pruning postpones bud burst into warmer months 3) Choose a variety that buds late 4) Vines high-trained off ground 5) Having bare soil between vines (absorbs more heat during day)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some options to do when frost threatens? (3)

A

1) water sprinklers 2) wind machines 3) oil/propane gas burning heaters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are management options for hail? (3)

A

1) rockets can be fired into thunderclouds, seeding them with silver iodide causing rainfall instead of hail 2) net the fruit zone 3) select a number of plots in different areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are management options for sunburn? (4)

A

1) row orientation and aspect 2) canopy management techniques to control amount of sun exposure 3) irrigation 4) agricultural sunscreen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are management options for fire? (3)

A

1) smoke detectors/sprinklers 2) water tanks 3) providing employee training in case of fire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are management options for smoke taint? (5)

A

1) affected musts can be tested analytically 2) how grapes are handled (since aroma precursors are present on inside of skins) 3) hand harvesting or gentle/whole bunch pressing, lower fermentation temperatures 4) flash detente 5) blending with unaffected wines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is phylloxera and what does it do?

A
  • an aphid-like insect that feeds on and lays eggs on roots of grape vines - weakens vine roots causing swelling and cracks, leading to rot
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are symptoms of phylloxera? (5)

A
  • vines die of drought in patches that increase each year - vine roots are covered with insects and yellow eggs - swellings in older roots - pale green leaf galls on under-surface of leaves - stunted shoot growth/leaf yellowing around 3 years – dies after 5
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the management option for phylloxera? (3)

A
  • grafting onto American rootstocks - heat treatment - quarantine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are nematodes and what do they do? What are the two most common?

A
  • tiny worms that are common in soil - cause damage by feeding off vine roots and transmitting diseases - decrease ability of plant to uptake water and nutrients - two most common are root-knot and dagger
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are management options for nematodes? (4)

A

1) leave soil to fallow for a number of years (but no crop present) 2) fumigate soil using chemicals (that are now banned in most regions) 3) plough in a cover crop of mustard plant 4) use nematode-resistant rootstocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are grape moths and what do they do?

A
  • moths that feed on flowers and grapes - they create wounds that are susceptible to bacteria and fungi - only larvae and females cause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are management options for grape moths? (2)

A
  • insecticides - biological controls such as bacteria that are toxic to moths, pheromone capsules that cause sexual confusion, and natural predators such as wasps
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are spider mites and what do they do?

A
  • species of mite differs from region to region in dusty conditions - they feed on surface cells of leaves = discolouration = reduction in photosynthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are management options for spider mites?

A

1) make environment inhospitable by using sprinklers/cover crops to reduce dust 2) encourage predatory mites 3) general pesticides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does powdery mildew affect vines? What does it thrive in?

A
  • it overwinters in buds/on canes then attacks young, green parts of the vine (grey patches to black patches) - result of bud infections from previous year - thrives in shady conditions and does not require high humidity - CAUSED BY A FUNGUS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are management options for powdery mildew? (3)

A

1) keep an open canopy reduce shade/density of leaves 2) applications of sulphur 3) systematic fungicides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How does downy mildew affect vines? What does it thrive in?

A
  • caused by water mould that over-winters in vine tissue - attacks green parts of plant - needs rainfall and warm temperatures to spread
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does downy mildew look like?

A

Yellow, circular “oil spots” on leads and then white, downy fungal growth on underside of leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are management options for downy mildew? (3)

A

1) sprays made from copper salts (ex. Bordeaux mixture) 2) other fungicides 3) good drainage and open canopy that dries quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How does grey rot affect grapes? Which are most at risk?

A
  • it affects any grapes with a point of entry - spores are present in vineyard and become active in periods of rainfall and high humidity - most affects varieties with thin skins and tight bunches
30
Q

What are management options for grey rot? (4)

A

1) selecting varieties with thick skins 2) protecting grapes against pests that can split skins 3) keeping open canopy and removing leaves around bunches 4) sulphur and copper are ineffective but other sprays can be used

31
Q

What is eutypa dieback?

A
  • aka “dead arm” - a fungal trunk disease that leads to rotten wood in vines and can affect whole vineyards - infection occurs through pruning wounds in moderate temperatures during rain – spores spread by wind
32
Q

What are management options for eutypa dieback? (3)

A

1) pruning late and applying fungicide to pruning wounds 2) cutting affected trunks and burning dead wood 3) re-training from “sucker” but causes loss of yield for two years

33
Q

What is phomopsis?

A

A fungal disease that causes reduction in crops – infected canes whiten and break off easily

34
Q

What are management options for phomopsis?

A

1) fungicides applied 3 weeks after bud burst 2) diseased wood should be burnt and removed 3) best to prune early/late and not in rainy weather

35
Q

What is Esca? What are its symptoms?

A
  • a complex fungal disease caused by. group of organisms that are prevalent in warmer/drier climates - enters vine through pruning wounds - symptoms include tiger-striping of leaves and spotting inside wood
36
Q

What is the management option for Esca? (1)

A

No chemical controls so prevention is key

37
Q

What is Pierce’s Disease and how is it spread?

A
  • bacterial disease that quickly kills vines - lives in sap channels of vines, clogging them, leading to shrivelling/dropping leaves and death between 1-5 years - spread by leafhoppers (specifically sharpshooters)
38
Q

What are management options for Pierce’s Disease? (3)

A

1) reduce number of transmitters 2) quarantine and clean equipment 3) purchase clean stock

39
Q

What are the symptoms of grapevine yellows?

A
  • delayed bud burst - dropping posture - canopy turning yellow (in white varietals) and red (in black varietals)
40
Q

How is grapevine yellows spread?

A
  • vectors including leafhoppers - nurseries selling infected stock
41
Q

What are management options for grapevine yellows? (2)

A

1) focus on controlling the vector 2) best practice in nursery is to bathe pruning wood in hot water Note: there is no treatment available

42
Q

What is fanleaf virus and how is it spread?

A
  • long standing group of diseases found around the world - spread by move to grafted vines and dagger nematode
43
Q

What are the symptoms of fanleaf virus?

A
  • early shoot growth is stunted - canes grow in distorted ways - leaves are very pale/look like a fan
44
Q

What is a management option for fanleaf virus?

A

There is no cure – before vineyards are planted, soil tests should be done to check for dagger nematodes

45
Q

What is leafroll virus? How is it spread?

A
  • disease spread by grafting and mealy bugs - doesn’t kill vines but can reduce yield by up to half by slowing down growth of roots and shoots
46
Q

What are management options for leafroll virus?

A
  • there is no cure
47
Q

Phytoplasma Diseases

A

Flavescence Doree

48
Q

Fungal Diseases

A
  • Powdery Mildew
  • Downey Mildew
  • Eutypa Dieback
  • Esca
  • Black Rot
  • Bunch Rot
49
Q

Young shoots develop dark brown streaks and eventually wither and die.

A

Bacterial Blight

50
Q

Powdery Mildew

A

Powdery mildew affects all green parts of the plant, marking grapes, leaves, and shoots with its dusty white mildew growth. If infected prior to flowering, yields will be reduced; if infected after fruit set, berries will struggle to achieve veraison and reach full size. Fruit affected by powdery mildew is universally avoided in the winemaking process, as it creates off-flavors in the wine.

51
Q

Black Rot

A

The disease is caused by the Guignardia bidwelli fungus, originating as a black spot on the vine’s shoots, leaves, and berries. Although yield reductions can be disastrous if unchecked, the disease can be controlled through fungicide sprays.

52
Q

Deformed shoot growth with poor fruit set and shot berries. Leaves are malformed and may display yellow bands.

A

Fanleaf degeneration

53
Q

Bacterial Diseases

A
  • Pierce’s Disease
  • Crown Gall (Black Knot)
  • Bacterial Blight
54
Q

Bacterial Blight

A

Bacterial Blight often kills young grapevine shoots. They develop dark brown streaks in early spring, and eventually wither and die. Spread by rain and compromised pruning tools, the disease can be controlled by hot water treatments and copper sprays, such as the Bordeaux Mixture.

55
Q

Eutypa Dieback

A

Spores are carried by rain and enter the vine through pruning wounds. Infected vines experience stunted shoot growth as the fungus releases toxins, and eventually an infected cane may die—the dead arm.

56
Q

Fanleaf Degeneration

A

A nepovirus spread by soil nematodes feeding on infected roots, severely curtails yields and affected vineyards must be removed. A complex of similar diseases, Fanleaf Degeneration deforms shoot growth, and leads to poor fruit set and shot (seedless) berries. The leaves on an infected vine are malformed, resembling fans in appearance, and may form yellow bands around the veins. The productive lifespan of the vine and its winter durability are diminished.

57
Q

Fungal Diseases

A
  • Powdery Mildew
  • Downey Mildew
  • Eutypa Dieback
  • Esca
  • Black Rot
  • Bunch Rot
58
Q

Spread by the glassy-wing sharpshooter and renders the plant incapable of producing chlorophyll.

A

Pierce’s Disease

59
Q

Pierce’s Disease

A

Caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa and most commonly transmitted by the glassy-winged sharpshooter—a leafhopping insect found near citrus orchards and oleander plants—Pierce’s Disease is a scourge, rendering vines incapable of producing chlorophyll and killing it within one to five years.

60
Q

Viral Diseases

A
  • Leafroll Virus
  • Fanleaf Degeneration
61
Q

Crown Gall (Black Knot)

A

When affected, a vine develops tumors (galls) on its trunk, which girdle and essentially strangle the vine, withering or killing outright the portions of the vine above. The bacteria thrive in colder climates, and systemically live inside the grapevine. During winter freezes, when the vine’s trunk may be ruptured, the bacteria invade the outer trunk, rapidly multiplying and fomenting the onset of disease. The disease is spread through the propagation of bacteria-infected budwood.

62
Q

Flavescence Dorée is a _______________

A

Phytoplasma Disease

63
Q

Leafroll Virus

A

Leafroll Virus, a condition caused by a complex of at least nine different viruses, may be responsible for as much as 60% of the world’s grape production losses. Although affected vines display radiant shades of red and gold in the autumn, such beautiful colors, combined with a characteristic downward curling of the leaves, signal the virus’s malevolent side: reduced yields and delayed ripening. Leafroll Virus, spread through propagation of infected vines or by an insect vector like the mealy bug, is currently incurable but it will not kill the vine; thus, infected vines are not always removed.

64
Q

Esca (Black Measles)

A

Esca is the result of a complex of fungi, rather than a single organism. On young vines, the disease will weaken growth, affect berry development and discolor leaves; in hot weather an affected young vine may suddenly die. In older vines, the disease affects the wood, causing the interior of the trunk and arms to soften and rot from the inside—a condition that led ancient Romans to use Esca-infected tree trunks for firewood, as its spongy interior quickly caught fire. Mature, Esca-infected vines will rarely live past 30 years of age. The disease is exacerbated by rainfall and can be spread by wind or on the pruning shears of careless vineyard workers.

65
Q

Four main groups of diseases affecting vines

A
  • Fungal
  • Bacterial
  • Viral
  • Phytoplasma
66
Q

Bunch Rot

A

In general, bunch rots reduce crop yields and may adversely affect the character of the wine, imbuing it with moldy off-flavors. One of the most common forms of bunch rot is Botrytis bunch rot. Known in its malevolent form as grey rot, the Botrytis cinerea fungus will break down the skin of berries and allow other yeasts and bacteria to rot the grapes. It spreads quickly throughout vineyards. However, if the fungus invades healthy white grapes under favorable conditions, it will instead result in the noble rot, a precondition for some of the world’s greatest sweet wines. Botrytis bunch rot requires warm weather and humidity of at least 90% to germinate.

67
Q

Flavescence Dorée

A

A form of grapevine yellows,. Leafhopper insects and propagation of infected vines spread the disease, which will initially delay budbreak and slow shoot growth, eventually causing bunches to fall off the vine and berries to shrivel. The disease will discolor leaves, cause pustules and cracks to form, and may kill young vines. No cure exists, although insecticides may be used to control leafhopper insect populations and retard its spread.

68
Q

Responsible for at least %60 of the world’s crop loss, signs include a downward rolling of the leaf combined with vibrant autumn colours.

A

Leafroll Virus

69
Q

Infected canes display stunted growth and eventually die. Some wineries have found an upside to this disease as the affected cane produces concentrated fruit before dying.

A

Eutypa Dieback - “Dead Arm”

70
Q

Downy Mildew

A

Plasmopara viticola, the agent of downy mildew, attacks the green portions of the vine, causing leaves to drop off the vine and limiting the vine’s ability to photosynthesize. The infection is first visible as an oil spot on vine leaves. As spores germinate a white, cottony growth develops on the underside of the leaves. The fungus survives the winter on fallen leaves in the soil, and its spores reach the vine again with the help of rain splatter in the spring. Arid regions prohibit its growth.

71
Q

Tumors on the trunk that strangle and may outright kill the vine above.

A

Crown Gall (Black knot)

72
Q

In which country has leaf-roll virus been a significant problem?

A

South Africa

D1: Production of Wine (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions