Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

D1: Production of Wine > D1C07 Canopy Management > Flashcards

D1C07 Canopy Management Flashcards

Specific to canopy management: 1.2.3 Describe vineyard management options. 1.2.4 Explain how vineyard management options relate to the growing environment. 1.2.5 Explain how vineyard management options influence the production and ripening of grapes.

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
WSET ® Level 1 Wine flashcards WSET ® Level 2 Wine flashcards WSET ® Level 3 Wine flashcards WSET ® Level 2 Spirits flashcards WSET ® Level 1 Spirits flashcards Wine Appreciation flashcards Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards WSET ® Level 3 Spirits flashcards WSET® Level 4 Wine flashcards
1
Q

What is vertical shoot positioning?

A
  • most common type of trellising & most simple - best suited to vines with low-moderate vigour - called “Guyot” training when used on replacement cane pruned vines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What will determine the most appropriate training + trellising system?

A

1) the vigour of the vine 2) the topography of the site 3) the need for mechanization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the definition of yield?

A

A measure of amount of fruit being produced (can be measured per vine or over a set area)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the definition of vine density? What determines optimum density?

A
  • the number of vines that are planted per hectare in the vineyard - the optimum density is determined by vigour of the vine, type of trellising, and what access is needed between rows
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the definition of cordon training?

A

Vine training done on vines with 1+ horizontal arms or “cordons” (usually spur pruned)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the aims of canopy management? (6)

A

1) maximize effectiveness of light interception by canopy 2) reduce shade within canopy 3) ensure microclimate for grapes is as uniform as possible 4) promote balance between vegetative + reproductive functions of vine 5) arrange vine canopy to ease in mechanization + manual labour 6) promote air circulation to reduce disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some examples of summer pruning?

A
  • shoot removal, shoot positioning, pinching, shoot trimming, leaf removal and crop thinning and green harvesting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the definition of head training?

A

Vine training done on vines with little permanent wood (can be either spur pruned or replacement cane pruned)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is replacement cane pruning?

A
  • canes are sections of 1 year old wood that have 8-20 buds - typically laid down and need tying to a trellis - number of buds will depend on vigour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is spur pruning?

A
  • spurs are short sections of 1 year old wood that have been cut back to 2-3 buds - easier to carry out/can be mechanized
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How were vines planted before and after the phylloxera epidemic?

A

before

  • very close together
  • random arrangement
  • untrellised or trellised on individual stakes
  • worked by hand

after

  • straight lines toe enable cultivation using animals and subsequently tractors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a trellis?

A
  • a physical structure consisting of posts and wires that largely supports the grapevine framework (canes, shoots, folliage)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When choosing a trellis system for a particular site which are the factors to consider?

A

-legislation

controlled in PDO regulations

-geographical features of the site

topography, wind exposure, rainfall, temperature, frost risk, soil fertility

-effectiveness of light interception

total canopy surface / ha

-cost and time of establishment

posts, wire, plants

-cost and time of maintenance

pruning, shoot positioning

-mechanisation potential

spraying, harvest, pruning

-popularity and attractiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why would vineyard managers use several trellis systems within one vineyard?

A

For instance, at the bottom of a slope, a higher trellis may be used to reduce frost risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Other names for untrellised vines?

A

Bush or free-standing vine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Common locations for untrellised vines?

A

Still common in southern Europe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is un untrellised vine trained?

A

The vine trunk is trained short, no trellis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How are untrellised vine pruned?

A

usually spur-pruned => bush vines or gobelets

can be cane-pruned by tying the canes together to form a “basket” => Santorini, Greece

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the advantages of untellised vines?

A
  • least expensive way of growing a vine
  • foliage can offer some bunch shade in warmer Mediterranean climate
  • canopy management costs are relatively low
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the drawbacks of untellised vines?

A
  • low yields due to the low planting density
  • un-trellissed vines have been found to be more prone to disease due to less air circulation through canopy
  • vineyards operations & harvest must be done by manually
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are staked vines?

A

The vines are tied to a post (often wood) (driven into the ground next to the vine) for support.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How are staked vines trained / pruned?

A
  • In a crown (head) 20 - 30 cm above the ground and 2 - 4 canes are fixed to the stake
  • spur-pruned, without a distinct crown, with the bearers radiating from the trunk in a circular shape
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the advantages of stake vines compared to bush vines?

A
  • Can be trained higher than bush vines (simplifies vineyard operations)
  • Canopy can be positioned to allow greater air circulation which reduces disease risk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the drawbacks of stake vines?

A

Low density planting

Lower yield potential

Not suitable to high vigour site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Common locations for staked vines?

A
  • Côte Rôtie, Southern France
  • Spain
  • Portugal
  • Italy
  • California
  • South Africa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the advantage of the simple wire system over bush vines?

A
  • forming a continuous row of foliage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the general advantage of the single wire system?

A
  • relatively inexpensive to install and train
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How are single wired vines trained / pruned?

A
  • cordon-trained and spur pruned
    • trunk usually divided 15 cm bellow the wire
    • permanent horizontal cordon established
  • head trained and cane pruned
    • crown established below the wire
    • up to 4 canes of 10 to 15 nodes fixed or wrapped along the wire
    • 2 to 4 2-node replacement spurs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the main drawback of the single wire trellis system?

How is it solved?

A
  • new shoots often hang down
    • offering no protection to the fruit from sunburn
  • solved by : designing multiple wire trellis systems which have a foliage wire to train the shoots upwards.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Common locations for two-wire vertical?

A

widely used troughout the world

widely adopted in California in mid 80ies => Califoria sprawl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Decribe two-wire vertical

A
  • A single fruiting wire
  • above this a single foliage wire 0,3 - 0,5 m

Can be suited to mechanical pruning and harvesting (depending on the canopy)

High vigour sites => lot of vegetative growth => more wires required

  • to keep foliage of the ground

to aid canopy management operations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Common locations of vertical shoot positioning (VSP) trellis?

A
  • France
  • Germany
  • cooler regions of Australia and New Zealand.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

VSP is an example of?

A

non-divided canopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where was the VSP adopted?

A

In places where there is a high risk of fungal disease, in order to keep foliage off the ground, and to simplify spraying and trimming operations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Describe VSP trellis?

A
  • Consists of movable foliage wires which enable shoots to be trained into a narrow vertical canopy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How are VSP trellis pruned?

A
  • cane-pruned (traditional Guyot)
  • spur pruned on unilateral or bi-lateral cordons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Advantages of VSP and its pruning styles?

A
  • all the fruit is in one zone and shoot tips in another
  • simplifies mechanical operations (leaf removal, bunch zone spraying, summer trimming)
  • vines can be harvested by machine
  • can be converted to machine winter pruning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Main disadvantage of VSP?

A
  • shoot density is normally high => prone to shade
  • unsuited to high vigour varieties and high vigour sites
    • complex trellis systems have been developed to cope with moderate to high vigour sites.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Give examples of vertical, divided trellis

For which sites are they suited?

A
  • Scott-Henry
  • Smart-Dyson

Suited for moderate potential sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where was the Scott-Henry system developed and trialed?

A
  • developed in Oregon
  • trialed in New Zealand and Australia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Describe the Scott-Henry system?

A
  • vertical, divided system
  • two fruiting wires at 1 m and 1,15 m
    • shoots on higher wire are trained up between two movable foliage wires
    • bottom foliage is positioned downwards with (generally) one foliage wire
  • canopy about 2 m tall
  • row spacing needs to be 2 m (to prevent shading)
  • was developed for cane pruning
  • widely adopted (new world) due to suitability for machine harvesting
  • superseded by the Smart-Dyson system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Describe the Smart-Dyson system

A
  • vertical, divided system
  • aka Ballerina system
  • cordon trained
  • upward and downward pointing spurs

enables pruning by machine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the 3 principal advantages of the vertical divided systems over VSP?

A
  • -canopy surface area is increased by about 60%
  • gives the system a higher increased potential for photosynthesis and yields.
  • -shoot density is almost halved
  • canopy is less dense,
  • fruit exposure is increased
  • decrease in disease.
  • -there is a de-vigorating effect as half of shoots are trained downwards.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the drawbacks of the vertical divided system?

A
  • higher establishment costs
  • greater level of expertise needed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Give examples of multi-wired, horizontal systems?

For what soils are they designed?

A
  • Geveva double curtain
  • U- or lyre system
  • overhead pergola system

designed for high vigour soils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Describe the Geneva double curtain trellis (GDC)

A
  • a horizontally divided trellis
  • shoots trained downwards.
  • The curtains are supported at the top and are free hanging.
  • Curtains are at least 1 m apart, shoots at least 1 m in length
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Why was the Geneva double curtain system designed?

A
  • to improve yield & fruit composition in vigorous soil.
  • The divided canopy led to a reduction in shading
  • the downward pointing shoots meant that the basal buds & fruit were exposed to greater amount of sunlight.
    • these factors were found to produce higher yields of better quality grapes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Explain pruning and harvesting in the Geneva double curtain system :

A
  • spur pruned
  • machine harvesting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the advantage of the downward shoot positioning of the GDC compared to VSP?

A
  • downward shoot positioning causes desirable shoot devigoration
  • GDC can convert dense, shaded canopies to low density ones, with more than 50 % yield increases obtained compared to VSP.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are the main drawbacks of GDC?

A
  • -expense of the materials
  • the expertise required to train the vines.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Common location of GDC?

A
  • AU
  • California
  • some part of Italy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Where was the U of Lyre system developed?

A

Fance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Where was the U of Lyre system adopted?

A
  • California
  • New Zealand
  • cool regions of Australia, Chili and Uruguay
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

For what sites was the U of Lyre system developed?

A
  • medium to high vigour sites
55
Q

Describe the U of Lyre system?

A
  • a horizontally divided trellis
  • shoots trained upwards in two curtains.
  • shape resembles a lyre
56
Q

Explain pruning and harvesting with the U or Lyre system?

A
  • can be readily machine pre-pruned
  • a French machine harvester has specially been developed for this trellis system
57
Q

What is the disadvantage of the U or Lyre trellis?

A
  • -The centre of “ U” need to be kept open to ensure good leaf and fruit exposure
  • -shoots need to be positioned correctly & continually trimmed.
  • -high cost of construction & maintenance
58
Q

Common locations of Pergola / tendone trellis

A
  • Chile
  • Argentine
  • Italy
    • now more common for table grapes
59
Q

Describe the pergola training system

A
  • trained with trunks about 2 m high
  • a system of wooden frames and cross wires supports the foliage and fruit
  • framework is usualy high enough for tractors to pass underneath
60
Q

Describe pruning in the U or Lyre system

A

either cane or spur pruned

61
Q

Why is the pergola training system limited in use?

A
  • High cost in construction
  • high labour costs to maintain
    *
62
Q

Can a pergola system be used in high vigour sites? explain

A

Yes but

  • canopy needs to be thinned to avoid
    • shading problems
    • increased risk of powdery mildew and botrytis
63
Q

What trellis system is this?

A

U or Lyre trellis

64
Q

What trellis system is this?

A

Geneva double curtain trellis or GDC

65
Q

What trellis system is this?

A

The Scott Henry trellis system

66
Q

What trellis system is this?

A

The Smart - Dyson trellis sytem

67
Q

What trellis system is this?

A

The vertical shoot positioning trellis

68
Q

What trellis system is this?

A

Two wire vertical trellis

69
Q

What happens in un-pruned vines?

A
  • they produce many short shoots further and further away from thee trunk
  • these shoots provide irregular yields with many small bunches of high-acid, sugar-low berries
70
Q

What are desirable objectives of pruning?

A
  • To overcome the vine’s natural tendencies, and force it to produce more suitable fruit
  • To help organise the plant on the trellis
  • Heavily pruned vines => fewer shoots => fewer leaves => reduced photosynthetic capacity => reduced vine vigour
    • young vines => prune lightly, flower removal
    • older vines => lightly pruned vines decrease in vigour by increasing fruit production
71
Q

To achieve quality fruit, there must be :

A
  • an appropriate balance between the level of crop and the leaf area on each shoot
  • The number of flowers (later bunches - level of crop) on the vine shoot is determined in the previous year according to conditions at flower initiation
  • The size of each shoot (leaf area) is determined at pruning => the more buds left on, the weaker their individual vigour
    • more shoots have to share the limited amount of winter reserves and the capacity of the plant’s root system
72
Q

What is the effect of a heavy of too low crop on the quality of the fruit?

A
  • a heavy crop on short shoots will lead to over-cropping
    • high yields of low quality fruit
    • weekens the vine the following year
  • shoots that have a disproportional low crop will be over-vigourous
    • cary on growing after véraison
    • detriment of the quality of fruit
    • large leaves and laterals
      • canopy shading
73
Q

What is the advantage of helping to orgnanise the plant on the trellis by pruning?

A
  • plant can capture the maximum amount of light (important in cool climates)
  • Leaf bunching is avoided
    • reduces disease risk
    • increase yield and quality
  • Bunch ripening is better synchronised
  • personel and machines can pass along the alleys without causing damage
  • mechanical operations such as spraying and harvesting are more efficient ande effective
74
Q

What is an ideal canopy?

A

Ideal canopy is homogenous along the row (15 shoots per metre) with an average leaf thickness of 1-1.5 leaves

75
Q

How is vine vigour measured?

A

vine vigour is measured by weight of wood produced each year

76
Q

What is a the “ideal” balance between fruit and leaf

A
  • a shoot with moderate yiel
  • a pencil thick shoot
  • 12-15 nodes long with
  • inter nodal length of 60mm.
  • This should weight approx 30-40g in winter
77
Q

What is the charge?

A

The number of buds to be left during winter pruning

78
Q

How do you calculate the charge?

A

Count the number of ideal shoots produced in the previous growing season (small shoots may count as half, larger as 2 of 3)

Or

Remove the canes, weigh them then divide the weight by 30-40

79
Q

How can the charge be affected by vine age?

A
  • In vines less than 8 years old the charge is increased significantly
  • in older vines it is increased by 5-15%
    • to compensate for non breaking buds caused by winter injury
80
Q

What is canapy management and what is the aim?

A

The organisation of the shoots, leaves and fruit of the grapevine to maximise the quality of the macroclimate of the leaves and fruit.

The aim is to improve quality and yield and to minimise disease risk.

81
Q

Where is canopy management in particular important?

A
  • In cool-climate regions and in the New World
    • improvements in vine management
    • planting of the vines on fertile soils
    • => have exacerbated the problem of high vine vigour in fertile soils
82
Q

What are the main aims of canopy management?

A
  • to maximise the effectiveness of light interception
  • to reduce canopy shading, particularly in the fruiting cluster / renewal zone
  • to produce a uniform microclimate for fruit
  • to achieve an appropriate distribution of the products of photosynthesis
  • to arrange the locations of individual organs in restricted zones in space
83
Q

How does canopy management maximise the effectiveness of light interception in vine canopies?

A
  • By presenting a large canopy surface to the sun
  • Encouraging early development of that canopy in the spring
  • avoiding inter-row shading by having a maximum ratio of canopy height to alley width of 1:1
84
Q

Wjy is the reduction of shading in the fruiting cluster / renawal zone important in canopy management?

A

In highly shaded leaves, the rate of respiration outstrips that of photosynthesis => the leaf consumes rather than produces energy.

Shade reduses the viability and succes of floral initiation in dormant buds => causing an imbalance between leaf area and fruit weight

Shaded flowers have lower rates of successful fertilisation and fruit set

Shaded berries keep cooler and so do not ripen as well as in cool climates

Shaded fruit has lower quality flavours and colours (some of the biochemical reactions that produce these are stimulated by sunlight

Shaded fruit and leaves have far greater risks of contracting fungal diseases, espacially powdery mildew and grey rot.

85
Q

What are the benefits of uniform microclimate for fruit produced by canopy management?

A
  • it leads to more synchronised ripening
  • it also leads to a greater chance of picking at the optimum period
86
Q

Why is the appropriate distributionof the products of photosynthesis achieved by canopy management so important?

A
  • too much fruit and not enough leaves (overcropping) will generate poor quality fruit and reduce vine vigour
  • conversely, too many leaves and not enough fruit will cause over-vigour growth, which will also produce poor quality fruit
87
Q

Why is the arangement of the locations of individual organs (trunk, canes, shoots, leaves and fruit) achieved by canopy management so important?

A
  • this facilitates mechanisation, particularly in pruning, pesticide application and harvesting
88
Q

How is diagnosis done in canopy management?

A
  • By measuring the quality of vine canopies when the grapes are ripening
  • look out for :
    • the leaf layer number (roughly, the thickness of the canopy)
    • the percentage of exposed grape clusters
    • leaf size and colour
    • the presence of lateral shoots
    • the percentage of shoot tips that are still actively growing
89
Q

Who is Dr. Richard Smart?

A

a leading Australian viticulturist

90
Q

how and what should be assessed before prescribing a canopy management technique

A

* the potential fertility of the site by digging up a soil profile

  • Water supply
  • Soil fertility tests
  • Performance of vines on similar soils

* the vigour of the vine

91
Q

How does Smart class the sites?

A

In 3 categories :

  • high potential
  • medium potential
  • low potential
92
Q

Describe a high potential site :

A

High vigour

deep soils usually 1m+

Fertile

Good water supply

High nutrient levels

93
Q

What are the different views for planting density on high potential sites?

A

View 1 :

  • Low density planting (> 3000 vines / hectare)
  • complex big vine trellis systems suggested (Ruakura twin two tier or Geneva Double Curtain)

View 2 :

  • High density planting (e.g. Mount Etna, Adelaide Hills)
    • to promote competition to reduce vigour
    • if not dense enough => vigour not restricted sufficiently => large canopies that tangle and shade neighbouring vines
94
Q

Describe a medium potential site :

A

Medium vigour

Soils 0.5 m-1 m deep

Adequate water supply

Average fertility

require average plant density 3000 - 5000 vines/ha

large VSP, Lyre, Scott-Henry recommended

95
Q

Describe a low potential site

A

Low vigour

Soils less then 0.5m deep

Poor water availability in the season

Low fertility

High planting density 5000+ vines/ha

Ordinary VSP (single or double guyot or cordon)

  • if there is sufficient water to meet the vine’s needs
  • In arid condition water availability will be limiting factor of vine vigour over soil fertility => thus very low density planting
96
Q

Excessively low vigour is genarally due to :

How can it be solved?

A
  • Drought stress (solved by irrigation)
  • Low soil fertility (solved by increased fertilisation, drainage, addition of soil organic matter etc.
  • Disease (solved by diagnosis and treatment)
97
Q

How can excessive vigour be controlled

A
  • selection of low vigour rootstock
  • Increase water stress
  • cover cropping (dekgewas)
  • High density planting
  • Removal of alternate vines increasing vine length and reducing shoot vigour and canopy density
  • Root pruning
  • Retro fitting a more complex trellis system
  • Pinching (removal of shoot tips around flowering)
  • Shoot positioning, trimming
  • Leaf stripping
  • Crop Thinning
  • Green harvest
98
Q

Explain root pruning

A
  • a sub-soiling tine is passed through the vineyard at 30 - 50 cm from the vine row after harvest or pre-burst
  • difficult to predict the response => pruning will stimulate root growth
99
Q

Explain pinching :

A
  • a strategy for excessively high vigour
  • the selective removal of shoot tips around flowering
    • usually done manually
    • aims to make uniform shoot growth
    • improve berry set
  • In vigourous vines, this leads to an increase in the development in lateral shoots => have to be removed
100
Q

What is the second most costly manual intervention in the vineyard

A

Winter pruning

101
Q

What are the two common forms of pruning?

A
  • replacement-cane (guyot)
  • spur pruning (cordon)
102
Q

Explain minimal or zero pruning :

A
  • used for Thompson seedless table grapes (Australia)
  • have reduced shoot growth and begin to self regulate
  • the produce higher yields => suited to warmer climates
  • a large amount of permanent woord develops over a number of years => has te removed now and then
103
Q

Explain replacement cane system

A
  • Popularised in the 1860’s by Jules Guyot
  • a cane pruned system with one or more spurs
  • Cane buds grow into shoots that produce the yield in the following season
  • Spur buds produce next years canes
    • preventing the vine frow sprawling too far along the trellis
  • Choice of single or double Guyot
    • choice is usually down to vigour or laws
  • Has to be carefully pruned
    • straight trunk
    • crown wel positioned in relation to the fruiting wire
    • remove badly positioned shoots when they grow
    • all flowers should be removed from the least vigourous young vines untill they establish themselves
104
Q

What are the advantages of replacement-cane pruning?

A
  • By limiting the carbohydrate reserves, the vine’s vigour is kept under control
105
Q

What is the disadvantage of replacement-cane pruning?

A
  • winter pruning requires great skills
  • can not be mechanised
106
Q

When pruning replacement cane vines, how do you select the spur and cane?

A
  • The spur should be selected first
    • not too low under the crown
    • nearer the roots than the cane
    • pointing allong the row, not the alley
  • the cane selected so that
    • further from the roots than the spur
    • should be able to be tied down (bowed)
      • so it doesn’t protrude into the alley
      • so it does not invade the neighbouring vine’s trellis space
  • buds should be spread evenly along the trellis
107
Q

What is “pendelbogen” and why is it used?

A
  • Canes that are tied down in the shape of an arch
  • to regulate shoot vigour along their length
  • vines will grow more vigorously at their extrimities
    • buds at the ends of canes furthest from the crown wil tend to break first and produce the most vigourous shoots
    • the longer the cane, the greater the difference in vigour between shoots
    • leading to uneven canopies
108
Q

Explain spur pruning without a cordon

A
  • head pruned: spurs that are distributed around the head
  • bush vines or gobelet vines (if shoots are tied together at the top)
109
Q

What are cordon / spur systems?

A
  • Systems where the cane is left permanently attached to the fruiting wire so that it becomes a permanent cordon
  • The canes coming of these cordons are then spur-pruned
  • The shoots arising from these spurs can be trained either upwards or downwards
110
Q

What is the most common cordon system?

A

Cordon the Royat

  • a single or double horizontal cordon
  • shoots then vertically trained
111
Q

Give examples of cordon / spur pruned systems

A
  • Cordon de Royat
  • Sylvoz, Lenz - Moser systems
  • “big vines” trellising systems (Geneva Double Curtain)
112
Q

What are the advantages of cordon systems?

A
  • Easier to prune
  • can be pre-pruned mechanically
  • retain a larger volume of permanent wood than replacement-cane systems
  • Can help provide necessary carbohydrate systems
  • => is important if bud breaks occurs while frost is still a risk
113
Q

What are the disadvantages of cordon / spur pruning?

A
  • larger carbohydrate reserves also enable the vines to be more vigorous than in replacement cane systems
  • the loss of growing points along the cordon
    • can be minimised by keeping cordons shorts, pruning according to charge
    • If this fails => cordon will have to be replaced
  • the lenghtening of growing points
114
Q

What points should be considered when pruning concerning wood?

A
  • wood retained should be in good state of health
    • look out for spotting due to botrytis, powdery mildew, phomopsis, poorly ripened woord
    • Canes with deformities shouldbe eliminate
115
Q

What points should be considered when pruning buds?

A
  • buds on canes formed in the previous year are the most fruitful
  • if vine is pruned severely, old buds on the trunk will break
    • the embyonic flowers within these will have degenerated
    • will produce little fruit
116
Q

What points should be considered when pruning concerning pruning cuts?

A
  • if large cuts have to be made
    • leave a stump that can be cut back the following winter
  • unwanted canes must be cut back to old wood
    • => surviving basal buds will turn into watershoots
117
Q

What points should be considered when pruning concerning timing?

A
  • earlier pruning ecourages earlier budburst
    • increases risk of spring frost damage
  • delayed pruning delays budburst
    • avoids spring frost risk
  • when left too late
    • => when buds start breaking => takes longer to tie down the canes => many young shoots may be damaged
118
Q

What do you do with pruning waste?

A
  • can be collected and used as fuel or mulched in the alleys
    • can increase the humus levels in the soil
    • diseases (eutypa, blackrot) can overwinter on canes
      • then burn pruning waste
119
Q

What are the aims of summer training (Trimming off shoot extrimities)

A
  • to control excessive shoot growth
  • facilitate the passage of manpower and machinery
  • reduce inter-row shading and winddamage
  • Reduces canopy thickness to improve the micro-climate and spray penetration
  • encourage the onset of maturity
    • descouraging shoot growth
    • stimulate berry development
  • Aesthetics of the vineyard
120
Q

What is the timing of summer training?

A

starts in July (northern hemisphere)

not too early, not too severely

121
Q

What is shoot positioning?

A

Shoot removal

Bud rubbing

Tucking in

122
Q

When should shoots be removed?

A

If they are:

Badly positioned (and would have to be removed at winter pruning anyway)

In contact or close to the ground

Rootstock shoots

Causing too much canopy shade (especially in the renewal zone)

123
Q

When do you carry out shoot removal?

A

Summer trimming should take place after spring frosts but before flowering

​

124
Q

What is the target shoots per metre in summer trimming

A

15 shoots per metre

125
Q

How long does shoot removal take when done by hand?

A

17 - 50 hours / ha

126
Q

What is bud rubbing?

A

Bud rubbing is the removal of the shoot before it has had chance to grow

127
Q

What does the act of tucking in do?

A
  • Aims to organise the canopy
  • Helps to facilitate mechanisation
  • important in upright canopies
    • without it => shoots bunch together => flop to the ground => preventing the passage of machinery
  • also important in downward-growing canopies
    • shoots will resist growing downwards and form irregular canopies
  • can be done by hand, using moveable wires
  • can be done by machine
128
Q

Explain the process of leaf stripping

A
  • removal of leaves around the fruit zone
    • done between véraison and harvest
  • manually or by machine
  • to improve the canopy microclimate
    • improves fruit quality
    • improves fruit health
  • to improve spray penetration
  • increase the speed of manual harvesting
  • can take up to 70 hours / ha
129
Q

What are the 5 major practices in canopy management?

A
  1. Shoot thinning
  2. Shoot positioning
  3. Cluster thinning
  4. Leaf removal
  5. Shoot trimming
130
Q

What are the aims of shoot thinning?

A

Shoot thinning, also called (trunk or cordon) suckering, is the removal of young excess shoot and helps to:

  1. Redirect growth
  2. Improve Aesthetics

It is done early in the season, when shoots are only 3 to 8cm long.

131
Q

What is shoot positioning?

A

Shoot positioning, in VSP also known as tucking, is the practice of orienting the shoots in a vertical position parallel to the trunk to create a uniform distribution of foilage thus minimising the shading of the fruit.

Best done direct after bloom and before tendrils have become firmly attached to mimise breakage and to aid developing compound buds.

132
Q

What is cluster thinning?

A

Cluster thinning is the removal of flower and/or grape clusters on the grape vine and is done to:

  1. Control yield and avoid overcopping
  2. Improve fruit quality
  3. Modify vine balance

Cluster thinning is executed or pre-bloom or after fruit-set

133
Q

What is leaf removal?

A

Leaf removal or leaf pulling is the removal of 1 to 4 leafs at the base of each shoot at the cool side of the canopy to expose clusters.

134
Q

What is shoot trimming?

A

Shoot trimming, also called hedging, is the cutting of shoots that grow outside the allocated space in a trellis system in order to control shoot length.

A minimum of 12 to 15 leafs shall be kept per shoot in order to mature fruit and wood.

Depending on whether conditions several passes in a growing season can be required, but never after véraison, since this may cause delaid fruit ripening and reduced wood maturity.

D1: Production of Wine (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions