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D1: Production of Wine > D1C05 Vineyard Establishment > Flashcards

D1C05 Vineyard Establishment Flashcards

1.2.2 Identify and describe considerations. in vineyard establishment.

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1
Q

What are a few things that need to be considered when site selecting?

A
  • price of land - location, layout and topography - slopes? - irrigation? - ease of access to vineyard, distance from winery - distance from towns/cities
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2
Q

What are the 4 main factors of soil preparation?

A

1) drainage of soil 2) structure of soil 3) mineral composition 4) presence of unwanted plants/pests

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3
Q

What are some ways which certain grape varieties can be adapted to their climate?

A
  • time of budding - duration of annual life cycle - tolerance of drought - winter hardiness - vigour
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4
Q

How is the planting density calculated

A

on a field of 1 hectare ( 100m x 100m ). Planting density = number of rows x number of vines in each row.

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5
Q

explain the correlation between high density planting and quality

A
  • little correlation
  • high densities often increase total effictive leaf surface in vineyard
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6
Q

the balance between the vine’s root system and its canopy is determined by?

A
  • he vigour of the vine,
  • the planting density,
  • the fertility of the soil
  • and the training system.
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7
Q

Correlation between fertility of the soil and the root density.

A
  • As vine vigour is low in poor soils, it is best to plant high densities.
  • On a high potential site with fertile soils, low density planting is preferable.
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8
Q

What is the advantage of narrow alleys between rows?

A
  • increase total canopy area
  • enable a maximum amount of sunlight energy to be captured
  • can improve canopy microclimate by windbreak action.
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9
Q

What if alleys are too narrow?

A
  • adjacent rows can cast shade in each otter’s fruiting zone
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10
Q

What is the minimum distance between the alleys?

A

Alleys should never be narrower than the heights of the row canopy

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11
Q

What is the disadvantage of narrow rows.

A
  • Incur more expense, with more operational costs (spraying, weed control)
  • may require use of special tractors
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12
Q

The correct distance between plants along the row is?

A

is that which will give a shoot density of about 15 shoots per metre.

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13
Q

What is the general correlation between the width of the alleys and the distance between the plants?

A

the wider the alleys, the greater the distance between plants, as the plants have more vigour they have more soil available and so need more trellis pace.

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14
Q

Row orientation can be influenced by :

A

shape of the field

  • direction of the slope
  • prevailing wind
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15
Q

In what direction are vineyard rows often planted in the northern hemisphere?

A

in a north-south direction, as this maximise sunlight interception in the autumn on both sides of the trellis.

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16
Q

Why is Sauvignon sometimes planted in east-west rows?

A

So that they can harvest fully ripe fruit (the row facing equator), giving fruity flavours and under-ripe fruit (on the poleward side, giving pyrazine aromas)

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17
Q

What are the key factors for site selection

A

Regional climate
Sunshine hours
Soil Quality
Soil Type
Site Access (mechanisation)
Availability of labour
Availability of resources

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18
Q

The amount of water varies depending on :

A

the climate, soil type, vine density and site topography. a vine needs in the season,vines need 500–750mm water in the growing season.

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19
Q

What elements of the “water” aspect influence thet suitability of site?

A
  • amount of water (varies according to climate, soil type, vine density, topography
  • timing of water
  • quality of water
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20
Q

How can the amount of rain affect site selection?

A

in high rain areas use can be made of rain shadow created by the geography to reduce fungal disease

In low rain areas vineyards can be located close to

  • rivers
  • or bodies of water to aid irrigation if permitted
  • underground water
  • the possibility to build a dam
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21
Q

How can heat of site affect the vine?

A

Vines need heat to move through the growth cycle (floral initiation, budburst, flowering, fruit set, véraison, ripening).

Too cold slows phenological development and reduces bud fruitfullness and fruit set, reducing yields, also problematic ripeness.

Too hot can help initial growth but can lead to problems with shading giving an uneven verasion, competition between bunches, staggered ripening and low berry sugar content.

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22
Q

What causes the amount of sunlight to vary in a vineyard

A

Latitude

Topography
Season
Time of day
Cloud cover

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23
Q

How many hours of sunshine does vinifera need?

A

Vinifera’s need around 1,250 hrs of sunshine to produce fruit

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24
Q

How can sunlight exposure be influenced?

A
  • By slope : north : towards the sun, south : away from the sun
  • trellis design
  • row orientation
  • canopy management
    *
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25
Q

Why do nutrient deficiencies rarely limit hte use of a soil?

A

Corrective additions of the missing elements can be made.

26
Q

Name common examples of nutrient deficiencient soils

A
  • a sandy soil in a high rainfall area : likely to be deficient in potassium, calcium and sulfur
  • frequently cultivated, shallow soils in low rainfall areas : often deficient in nitrogen
27
Q

What are some practical and commercial considerations?

A
  • access to the site for cars, tractors, electricity and water
  • availability of labour in the area
  • performance and reputation of other vineyards in the are
  • the wine’s potential route to market
28
Q

Roughly how many varietals are there?

A
  • 8000+ grape varieties including table grapes
  • around 1,400+ commercial varieties for wine
29
Q

What are the main considerations when choosing a grape variety for a site?

A
  • quality of a variety
    • Genetic characteristics
    • Climate of the site (influences sugar, acid, pigments, tanning and flavour)
    • Winemaking can maintain of lower inherent fruit quality
    • Consumer demand now and in future
  • Time it requires to complete vegetative and reproductive cycle
  • Yielding potential
  • Disease resistance
  • Legislation
30
Q

How are sites nowadays selected?

A

Based on digitised databases and GIS (geographical information systems)

=> these methods compare topography maps, climate data and soil profiles of potential sites with those of existing, well performing vineyards.

31
Q

What are the 3 major steps in site preparation?

A
  • disinfection
  • cultivation
  • fertilisation
32
Q

How do you start with preparing the soil for a vineyard?

A
  • remove existing vegetation, large stones, former vines, trees etc.
    • uproot trees rather than cut down
      • roots may harbour fungal diseases
      • gather and burn roots on the spot
  • kill troublesome weeds (e.g. with non-residual herbicide)
  • Fix dips in water
  • Assess risk of erosion
  • sometimes break up subsoil
33
Q

Why and how can you fix dips in water when preparing the soil ?

A
  • Can cause root asphyxiation and problems when passing machinery
  • remover topsoil, level the subsoil, replace topsoil
34
Q

What steps should one take when there is risk of erosion?

A
  • plant trees or dig ditches above the field
  • establish paths with ditches or surface guttering across the field
  • plant along the contours
35
Q

Why and how should one break up the subsoil?

A
  • at depths of 50 - 100 cm
  • Can improve drainage
  • can improve the depth of rooting of the young vines
36
Q

Why are soil tests prior to planting vital?

A
  • Any soil nutrient deficiencies must be corrected.
37
Q

Why should there not be a need to add nitrogen?

A
  • It will leach out before plants can reach it?
  • May lead to over-vigourous growth in the young plant
38
Q

To what level is organic matter normally raised, how and why?

A
  • above 2%
  • by adding farmyard manure
  • to improve structure and add to the humus content
39
Q

To what level is the PH normally raised, how

A
  • Above 6,5 %
  • using calcite (calcium carbonate), magnesite (magnesium carbonate) or dolomite (a mixture of both)
40
Q

How does one improve the structure and why?

A
  • By using Gypsum (CaSO4)
  • It reduces the dispersion of surface soils
  • It minimises the swelling of sub-surface soils
    • improving the permeability and aeration
41
Q

At what depth and why are vineyard sites often ploughed?

When is it best done? Why?

A
  • A depth of 20 to 60 cm
  • to bury the existing vegetation
  • to incorporate fertilisers
  • to increase aeration and drainage
  • exposes remaining large roots which can be removed

Best done in autumn to benefit from freeze-thawing action during subsequent winter.

42
Q

How can you kill the (fan-leaf carrying) nematodes ?

A
  • desinfection
  • or leave the soil fallow for 5 - 8 years (only required in vinegrowing areas with a history of viral and nematode problems
43
Q

How and why is the tilth finally produced (akker)?

A
  • By using a power harrow, spader or rotary cultivator
  • to produce a medium-fine tilth at a depth of 200 - 300 mm
  • makes planting easier by loosening and levelling the soil
  • It destroys any weeds that have grown on the surface
44
Q

Is cultivation done on dry or wet soil?

A

Dry soil

45
Q

Explain the planning and preparation of planting vines

A
  • Summer year 1 : Remove existing vegetation (optional : plant external windbreaks, levelling, terracing, sub-soiling, install drainage, soil disinfection)
  • Autumn : Corrective fertilisation / Deep ploughing
  • Spring year 2 : Deep cultivation / Tracing out the plantation / Planting
46
Q

Natural drainage ensures that water is distributed in several ways :

A
  • runs off surface
  • taken up by plant roots
  • absorbed into pores in the soil particles
  • evaporates from the soil surface
  • drains down through the soil
47
Q

What are the most important control methods of drainage?

A
  • improving soil structure by the addition of farmyard manure, organic matter, sand, grit, lime
  • ditches
  • drainage pipes
  • mole drainage
  • sub-soiling
48
Q

Explain the drainage method : ditching

A

These are the cheapest method of putting in artificial drainage (ditches and their outfalls need to be maintained every few years)

49
Q

Explain mole drainage

A
  • This is a cheap method
  • usually used on field with clay subsoil (no stones)
  • Mole ploughs have a torpedo or bullet shaped “mole” attached to a steel coulter (vertical cutting blade) and form a cylindrical channel in the subsoil
50
Q

Explain the drainage method : subsoiling

A
  • it mechanically bursts the soil
  • it artificially creates the passages which enable the free movement of water and air
  • it allows root systems to fully develop
51
Q

Explain the drainage method : draining pipes

A
  • Perforated plastic pipes are more common than clay ones
  • Distance between drains depends on soil type
  • Positioning of the drains depends
    • upon the slope of the field
    • the occurrence of springs and wet patches
52
Q

When should terracing be considered?

What is the drawback?

A
  • If the slope is above 20%
  • Expensive operation => retaining walls made of grass of stone must be established
53
Q

When do you plant the rooted cuttings?

A
  • as early as possible
  • wait until spring frost risks are over
  • ground must be effectively prepared
54
Q

What do you do if plants are delivered before they are due to be planted?

A
  • must be protected from drying out
    • keep them in a dark cool place
    • in the plastic bags in which they were delivered
    • in buckets of water
55
Q

Till when can you plant potted plants?

A

As late as July

56
Q

Steps for planting by hand

A
  • the plantation must be traced out carefully to ensure vine rows are straight and evenly spaced.
  • After cultivation, plant the supporting stakes.
    • hole must be deep enough to hold graft union out of the soil
  • The plant’s roots may need trimmed to fit the hole.
  • The plant should be placed securely against the stake
  • fine earth placed around its roots.
  • watering-in is recommended, particularly for potted plants
57
Q

How does machine planting proceed?

A
  • planting machines are usually tractor-trailed
  • often laser-guided so the rows are straight
  • Succes is more dependent on the quality of the soil preparation than hand-planting
58
Q

What is plastic mulching? How does planting proceed?

A
  • for controlling weeds, to maintain higher moisture levels and promote faster root development.
  • vines are planted without supporting stakes
  • a film of plastic about 1 m in width is unrolled using a trailed implement that buries 200 mm on each side to a depth of 150 mm.
  • holes are then cut in the plastic to allow the vines to poke trough
  • Canes or stakes are planted next to the plants
59
Q

What are the advantages of plastic mulching

A
  • young plants do not suffer from drought, even in dry summers
  • there is no weed competition, so no under-row weed control is required
  • soil structure under the row is maintained
  • soil temperature is increased, which increases microbial activity

=> young plants grow much faster and can gain a year in growth

60
Q

What are the disadvantages of plastic mulching

A
  • the initial expense of plastic and hire of machine
  • increased frost risk ,as plants grow earlier & faster
  • weeds develop at the base of the plant that are difficult to control
  • the plastic harbours slugs, mice and snakes
  • the eventual removal of the plastic is arduous and its disposal difficult
  • it promotes superficial rooting. Roots are restricted to the suface level of the soil where they are most vulnerable to drought
61
Q

What other measures can be taken with new plants?

A
  • the use of tree guards
    • rigid grow tubes
    • polythene sleeves
  • placed on the plant after plantation
  • secured to the supporting stake
  • will increase the growth rate dramatically
  • leading to an earlier crop by reducing drought stress
  • protecting the vines from herbicides, rabbits, deer
62
Q

What involves the care of young plantations?

A
  • watering-particularly important for potted vines
  • weed control, as weeds compete for water and soil space. Care must be taken in herbicide selection and application
  • protection from rabbits (plastic netted sleeves)
  • protection from slug and snails (slug pellets)
  • wind protection (temporary wind breaks)
  • disease protection (against late season attacks of powdery mildew)
  • tying up and summer pruning (remove any flowers and shoots from rootstock and roots from scions
  • replacing any unsuccessful vines (order and pot few extra vines for replacement)

!! twice as much time is spent on young plantations than on established vines!!

D1: Production of Wine (32 decks)

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