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Biology 20 IB > D1 B. Respiratory System > Flashcards

D1 B. Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Breathing (or ventilation)

A

The process by which air enters and leaves the lungs

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2
Q

Respiration

A

All processes that supply oxygen to the cells of the body for the breakdown of glucose and the process by which CO2 is transported to the lungs for exhalation

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3
Q

3 Steps of Ventilation

A
  1. Ventilation (gas exchange between atmosphere and lungs)
  2. Gas exchange (transfer of gases between lungs and bloodstream)
  3. Cell respiration (release of ATP from organic molecules)
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4
Q

The Upper Respiratory System

Nasal Cavity

A
  • Hair and mucus (filtering system)
  • Mucus keeps cells lining the cavities moist
  • Opens into the pharynx → branches into the treachea and esophagus
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5
Q

The Lower Respiratory System

Larynx (voice box)

A
  • Upper end of trachea
  • Elastic ligaments form the vocal cords which vibrate as air is forced past them
  • Protected by thick cartilage (Adam’s apple)
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6
Q

The Lower Respiratory System

Trachea (wind pipe)

A
  • Mucus (traps and filters)
  • Ciliated cells (cilia - small hairs) sweep debris back to the pharynx
  • Supported by rings of cartilage - keep trachea open
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7
Q

The Lower Respiratory System

Bronchi

A
  • Has cartilage rings
  • Carry air into the right and left lungs
  • Branch into smaller airways called bronchioles (no cartilage)
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8
Q

The Lower Respiratory System

Alveoli

A
  • Single layer of cells
  • Surrounded by capillaries
  • Gasses diffuse between thee air and blood according to the concentration gradients
  • S.A. (150 million alveoli per lung)
  • Lipoproteins prvents sacs from sticking to self during exhalation
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9
Q

Alveoli - Pneumocytes

Type I Pneumocytes

A
  • Mediate gas exchange with capillaries and over ~95% of the alveolar surface
  • Squamous (flat) and thin - minimizes diffusion rate
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10
Q

Alveoli - Pneumocytes

Type II Pneumocytes

A
  • Secrete pulmonary surfacant which reduces surface tension in alveoli
  • Cubodial in shape and possess granules (stores surfactant)
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11
Q

Surfactant

A

Surface tension is the force created by a fluid surface that minimizes surface area

Without Surfactant:

  • More pressure (due to small radius)

With Surfactant:

  • Less tension
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12
Q

Lung Lobes

A

The right lung has 3 lobes whereas the left lung has 2

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13
Q

Bronchiole

A

A branch off the bronchi

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14
Q

Diaphragm

A
  • Dome shaped sheet of muscle
  • Seperates thoracic (chest) cavity and abdominal cavity
  • Inspiration - Muscle contracts and pulls downwards, chest volume increases, pressure in the lungs decreases
  • Expiration - Diaphram relaxes and returns to its dome shape, chest volume decreases, and pressure increases
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15
Q

Epiglottis

A

Small, cartilage that protects larynx and helps you swallow

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16
Q

Pharynx

A
  • Throat
  • Passageway that is part of both the digestive and respiratory system
17
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Space that contains the heart, lungs and other organs

18
Q

Air flow through the respiratory system

A
  1. Air enters your body through nose or mouth
  2. Air travels down throat through larynx and trachea
  3. Air goes into lungs through larger tubes called bronchi

There are two bronchi; one that leads to each lung

  1. Air goes through bronchi into smaller bronchioles
  2. Bronchioles end in tiny sacs (alveoli) where gas exchange occurs

Breathe out Carbon Dioxide

19
Q

Boyles Law

A

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume

  • When volume in the thoracic cavity increase; pressure decreases (gas will flow in)
  • When volume in the thoracic cavity decreases, pressure increases (gas will flow out)
20
Q

Intercostal Muscle

A
  • Muscle between the ribs, which raise and lower the rib cage
  • Nerve stimulation causes muscle to contract, pulling ribs upward and outward, thus raising volume of the chest
21
Q

Pleura of the lungs

A

2 thin layers of tissue that protect and cushion the lungs

  • Inner layer wrapped around lungs
  • Outer layer lines inside of chest wall

The fluid filled pleural cavity helps prevent friction as the lungs move agaisnt the walls of the thoracic cavity

22
Q

Tidal Volume

A

Volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal breath (about 500mL)

23
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

The additional volume of air that can be inhaled

24
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

The additional volume of air that can be exhaled (must be forced out of lungs)

25
Q

Vital Capacity

A

Total volume of gas that can be moved in or out of lungs

26
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Tidal Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

Vital Capacity

27
Q

Residual Volume

A

Amount of air left in the lungs after max exhalation

28
Q

Passive diffusion of gases

A

Oxygen: High in alveoli; low in capillaries
Carbon Dioxide: High in capillaries, low in alveoli

29
Q

Avogadro’s Hypothesis

A

Equal volume of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules

  • As a result, gas diffuses from area of high pressure to an area of low pressure
30
Q

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

A

Gases in a mixture behave as if the other isn’t there exerting its own pressure (or partial pressure)

31
Q

Oxygen Transport (Plasma)

A
  • Through partial pressures, oxygen moves from the atmosphere into the alveoli then into the blood
  • Plasma can only dissolve about 0.3 mL of oxygen/ 100 mL of blood
32
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Allows 20 mL of oxygen/ 100 mL

33
Q

3 Main Ways CO2 is Transported

Bicarbonate Ions

A
  • Most CO2 produced from CR enters the blood plasma and combines with water to form carbonic acid
  • Catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase
  • Carbonic acid then dissociates to form bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions
  • Decrease the amount of CO2 in plasma therefore maintaining a low partial pressure
  • H+ with hemoglobin, therefore buffering blood pH
34
Q

3 Main Ways CO2 is Transported

Bound to Hemoglobin

A
  • CO2 attaches to the globin part of the hemoglobin - carbaminohemoglobin
  • (O2 carried on heme part so they don’t interfere with each other)
35
Q

3 Main Ways CO2 is Transported

Dissolved in Plasma

A

CO2 is 20% more soluble than oxygen. Inefficient way to carry CO2

36
Q

Maintaining Gas Levels

A
  • Chemoreceptors in the aortic body and carotid body detect high levels of CO2 in the blood
  • Sends message to the medullaa oblongata (in the brain)
  • Message is sent to intercostal muscles and diaphragm to increase lung volume and breathing rate
  • When CO2 levels return to normal breathing rate decreases
37
Q

Regulation of Breathing Movements

A
  • Nerves from the medulla oblongata (in the brain) control breathing rates
  • Chemoreceptors detect changes in CO2 and O2, and acid levels in the blood

Two Types

  • CO2 and Acid Chemoreceptors are the msot sensitive & main regulators of breathing movements
  • O2 Chemoreceptors: Found in carotid and aorta
38
Q

Types of Respiration

External Respiration

A
  • In lungs
  • Involves exchange of O2 and CO2 molecules between air and blood
  • When you breathe in, partial pressure of O2 is higher in the alveoli than in the capillaries → O2 moves from the alveoli into the capillaries
39
Q

Types of Respiration

Internal Respiration

A
  • Within body
  • Exchange of O2 and CO2 molecules between blood and tissue fluid
  • O2 is used in cell resp. → Partial pressure gradient for O2 is low → O2 will go from the capillaries into the tissues

Biology 20 IB (10 decks)

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