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Biology 20 IB > A1/A3 > Flashcards

A1/A3 Flashcards

1
Q

Ecology

A

The study of the relationship between living organisms, or between living organisms and their environment

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2
Q

Species

IB

A

The largest group of organisms where two individuals can potentially interbreed to produce fertile offspring

  • Have similar behavioural traits to recognize each other
  • Their offspring can produce viable offspring
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3
Q

Cross-Breeding

IB

A

Where two different species breed together

  • These hybrids are typically reproductively sterile (the offspring can’t reproduce)
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4
Q

Population

IB

A

A subset of individuals in one species that occupies a particular geographic area

  • Two populations of one species may never be able to interbreed because of their geographical distance; however theorethically they woukd still be able to
  • Barriers could be rivers, oceans, mountains ranges, etc (Spatial Isolation)
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5
Q

Communities

IB

A

Formed when populations of different species are living together and interacting with each other

There are no abiotic factors in a community

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6
Q

Ecosystem

IB

A

Formed when a community interacts with the abiotic environment

Abiotic Factors: Soil, rocks, water, air

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7
Q

Biome

A

Includes climate, precipitation, etc.

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of autotrophs

IB

A
  • Photoautotrophs
  • Chemoautotrops
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9
Q

Heterotrops

IB

A

Feeding on others

Obtain carbon compounds by eating other organisms

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10
Q

Mixotrophic

A

Both autotrophic and heterotrophic

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11
Q

What is a consumer

IB

A

Eating something that is alive or dead for a short amount of time

- A primary consumer feeds on autotrophs
- Ingest their food

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12
Q

Some unicellular consumers take in food by _____

IB

A

Endocytosis

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13
Q

Detrivores

IB

A

Heterotrophs that obtain organic nutrients from waste by internal digestion

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14
Q

Saprotrophs

IB

A

Heterotrophs that obtain organic nutrients by external digestion

- Secrete digestive enzymes into organic matter
- Known as decomposers

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15
Q

Living Organisms Require ____ to produce ____

IB

A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen & Phosphorus (to a lesser extent)
  • 15 other elements

To produce:
- Carbohydrates (sugar)
- Lipids (fats)

  • Autotrophs get these nutrients from the environment
  • Heterotrophs get carbon and nitrogen from their diet. They can obtain calcium, potassion, and sodium from their abiotic environment
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16
Q

Nutrient Cycling

IB

A
  • Autotrophs take inorganic nutrients and convert them into carbon compounds
  • Heterotrophs eat autotrops
  • Saprotrophs decompose remains and free nutrients into soil

The inorganic nutrinets on Earth is fixed.So cycling is really important

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17
Q

Sustainable Ecosystems Require

A
  • Nutrient availability
  • Detoxicification of waste products
  • Energy availability

Ecosystems have the potential to be sustainable over long periods of time

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18
Q

The Biosphere

A

All areas on Earth that are inhabited by and that supports life

  • Lithosphere - Land
  • Atmosphere - Air
  • Hydrosphere - Water
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19
Q

Open System

A

Can exchange both energy andmatter with its surroundings

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20
Q

Closed System

A

Can exchange only energy with its surroundings, not matter

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21
Q

Isolated System

A

Cannot exchange either matter or energy with its surroundings

A perfect islated system is hard to come by

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22
Q

Explain

The Biosphere is a ____ system

A

Closed System:
- Energy radiates into the Earth’s system from the sun. Energy is then radiated back into space from the Earth, with the flows being regulated by Earth’s atmosphere and the ozone layer

Because gravity, matter (solids, liquids, gasses) don’t leave the system

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23
Q

Earth’s Net Radiation Budget

A

Overall balance between the incoming and outgoing energy

  • Energy enters the system when sunlught pennetrates the top of the atmosphere
  • Energy exiys when: Reflected by clouds, aerosols, or the Earth’s surface
24
Q

Both plants and animals use ___ _______ to derive energy from the organic molecules

A

Cell Respiration

25
Q

Organisms require ____ ____ to fuel cellular processes

IB

A

Chemical energy (organic compounds):
- Autotrophs ptoduce these organic molecules using an external supply
- Photautotrophs use light energy

26
Q

Photosynthesis

IB

A

Process by which plants use light energy (sun) to convert into chemical energyh in the form of carbohydrates, and lipids, and all other carbon compounds

Photosynthesis takes place on land and in shallow water

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

27
Q

Chemoautotrophs

IB

A

Producers that may derive energy from chemical processes called chemosynthesis

Nitrogene fixing bacteria (in soil) use nitrogen to produce organic compounds

28
Q

The amount of energy an ecosystem is supplied varies:

Sahara Dessert

IB

A

Lots of intense sunlight but very few primary producers

29
Q

The amount of energy an ecosystem is supplied varies:

Redwood Forests

IB

A

Less intense sunlight but more energy is available because many producers

30
Q

Chemosynthesis

A

Process by which food (glucose) is made by bacteria using chemical such as the energy source, rather than sunlight

Occurs around hydrothermal vents and methane seeps in the deep sea

Bacteria use energy stored in the chemical bonds of hydrogen sulfide and methane to make glucose from water and carbon dioxide. Pure sulfur and sulfur compounds as by-products

31
Q

Energy stored in organic compounds is released through _____

IB

A

Cellular Respiration

32
Q

Organic compounds are used to create ____ ____ and ____ is a by-producy

IB

A

Chemical energy (ATP), Heat

33
Q

The First Law of Biological Thermodynamics

A

No living organism can create energy and must obtain it from its environment

That energy can then be transformed into a sueful form of energy

34
Q

Trophic Levels

A
  1. Producer
  2. Primary consumer
  3. Secondary consumer
  4. Tertiary consumer
  5. Quaternary consumer

Organisms can move from one trophic level to another

35
Q

Carbon compounds contain ____ ____ ____ stored in chemical bonds

IB

A

Chemical potential energy

36
Q

Effect of removing species in a food web

IB

A
  • In a complex well-developed food web, it has little effect
  • In a food web with limited/small organisms, it could have drastic effects
37
Q

Living organisms are not able to convert ____ to other forms of energy. Therefore, ____ is lost

IB

38
Q

Life a ecosystem can support is decided by energy captured by producers

Factors that increase productivity

IB

A
  • Amount of solar energy
  • Warm temperatures
  • Large amounts of rainfall
  • Luttle season change
39
Q

Arctic Tundra Food Web

IB

A
  • Less solar energy
  • Colder and drier climate
  • Less amenabble to life
40
Q

What climate is this?

The more sunlight and water, the more plants and the more animals

IB

A

A Wood-Lake Food Web

41
Q

Consequence of Food Webs

Biomagnification

A

The build up of toxic chemicals in organisms as tissues move through the food chain. The higher up on the food chian the higher concentration of the toxin

42
Q

Ecological Pyramid

Pyramid of Numbers

A

Displays the number of individual organisms at each trophic level

43
Q

Ecological Pyramid

Pyramid of Biomass

A

Measures the dry weight of biological material at each trophic level

44
Q

Ecological Pyramid

Pyramid of Energy

IB

A

The loss of energy with each transfer in a food chain. Measured in Kilojoules per square meter per year

45
Q

The Rule of 10

A

Only about 10% of the energy present in one organisms is available/passed on to the next… The other 90% stays within the organism and is eventually lost as heat

The higher up on the food chain you get the less energy is available

46
Q

Special Concern/Vulenerable

A

Special likely to become threatened or endangered

47
Q

Threatened

A

Species likely to become endangered if the factors that caused its vulnerability is not reversed

48
Q

Endangered

A

Species threatened with imminent extinction or extirpation throughout their range

49
Q

Extirpated

A

Species no longer exists within a certain geographical location but lives elsewhere

50
Q

Reasons for Threatened Species

Habitat Fragmentation

A

Habitat is broken into smaller pieces by human activities

51
Q

Reasons for Threatened Species

Habitat Destruction

A

Habitat is made unuseable by a species, reducing the range of the organism

52
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of life in all its forms

Diversity means more ability to cope with changes in the environment

53
Q

An ecosystem is considered healthy if its _____ and ______

A

Self-sustaining and self-regulating

54
Q

Possible consequences of removing a native species from an area

A
  • Decrease in biodiversity
  • Change in predator-prey balance
  • Change in breeding opportunities
  • Change in migration patterns
55
Q

Invasive species

A

Any organism that is not native to an ecosystem and causes harm. This can be harm to the environment, the economy, or even human health

Biology 20 IB (10 decks)

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