1
Q
Biotic
A
Living things
2
Q
Abiotic
A
Non living things
3
Q
Individuals/Species
A
A single organism
4
Q
Population
A
A group of individualds from the same species that can reproduce
5
Q
Community
A
The interaction of different populations
6
Q
Ecosystem
A
A community and its physical and chemical environment
7
Q
Ecotones
A
Transition area between ecosystems where organisms from both ecosystems interact
Organisms can move back and forth between ecosystems
- Greater biodiversity ➡ More stable
- Edges = More diverse
8
Q
Ecological Niche
A
An organism’s role in an ecosystem
Each species tends to have a different niche
- Place in food web
- Habitat
- Breeding area
- The time of day at which its most active
9
Q
Ecological Niche
Owl vs Hawks.
(DO NOT need to memorize - Just an example)
A
- Feed on similar organisms
- Occupy different niches ➡ Non competing
Do not compete with each other to obtain resources
10
Q
Terrestrial Niches
A
Helps us understand how organisms in an ecoystem interact with each other
11
Q
Ecological Niche of a Population
A
The role its members play in a ecosystem
12
Q
Aquatic Niches
Great White Shark
(DO NOT need to memorize - Just an example)
A
- Place in food web - Top predator
- Habitat - Temperate costal waters
- Breeding Areas - Warm temperate and subtropical
- Time of day its most active - Dusk and dawn
13
Q
New (exotic) species
A
New species can cause disturbance
Start competing for a niche with 1+ species
14
Q
How do new exotic species arrive
A
- Natural movement
- Seed dispersal
- New routes
- Human introduction
15
Q
Effects of new exotic species
A
Major cause of species depletion, extinction, habitat loss
Because of:
* No natural population control
* Native species can’t compete
* Prey lack defense mechanisms
16
Q
Biome
A
A large geographical region with a specific climate and the organisms that are adapted to that climate
17
Q
4 Major Terrestrial Biomes in Canada
A
- Tundra
- Taiga
- Temeprate Deciduous Forest
- Grassland
18
Q
2 Major Aquatic Biomes in Canada
A
- Freshwater (lake,river,pond ecosystems)
- Marine (ocean ecosystems)
19
Q
Abiotic Factors of Aquatic Ecosystems
A
- Temperature
- Sunlight
- Dissolved O2 (Colder water can hold more O2)
- Depth
- Light
- Clarity
- Dissolved Nutrients
- Salinity
- pH
20
Q
Littoral Zone
A
Area from the shore of a lake or pond to the point where no more plants grow in the lake bottom
21
Q
Limnetic Zone
A
Area of a lake or pond in which there is openw ater and sufficent light for photosynthesis to occur
22
Q
Profundal Zone
A
Region of a lake beneath the limnetic zone, in which there is insufficient light for photosynthesis to occur
23
Q
Benthic Zone
A
The lowest ecological zone in a water body, and usually involves the sediments at the seafloor
24
Q
Productivity
A
Rate of which producers capture/store energy
25
# Seasonal Variations
Fall
* Surface water cools ➡ Water becomes more dense ➡ sinks with O2 (fall turnover)
* When the water becomes cooler than 4 °C the layer reforms for winter
26
# Seasonal Variations
Winter
* Ice layer can form on top
* Photosynthesis can occur if light can penetrate ice layer (O2 high)
27
# Seasonal Variation
Spring
* Ice melts ➡ O2 exchange at surface
* Warming of surface water ➡ sinks➡ takes O2 to deeper layers
* Warm water sinks ➡ deep water pushed to surface (spring turnover)
28
Stratification
More lught is absorbed at shallow depths, which means heat is retained in the surface level. This density gradient seperates the lake into 3 layers
| Occurs due to temp. and salinity gradients
29
Epilimnion
Surface layer which is less dense, absorbs more light and heat
30
# Nutrient Availibility
Oligotrophic Lake
* Low nutrient levels
* Photosynthesis-limited (less producers)
* Clear water
* O2 rich
31
# Nutrient Availibility
Eutrophic Lake
* High nutrient levels
* High photosynthesis
* Murky water
* O2 poor
32
# Soil Layers
Litter
Upper layer made up of partially decomposed leaves/grasses
33
# Soil Layers
Topsoil
Beneath litter made up of small rocks and decaying plant and animal matter (humus = nutrient rich)
34
# Soil layers
Subsoil
Beneath topsoil made up of rock particles and small amounts of organic matter
35
# Soil layers
Bedrock
Layer of soil that marks end of soil
36
Water table
Boundary between groundwater and soil that is unsaturated with water
37
Groundwater
Water in soil
38
Limiting Factor
Anything that slows a population's growth
39
Biotic limiting factors
* Competition for resources
* Predation
* Parasites/disease
40
Interspecific competition
Between 2 different species
41
Intraspecific competition
Between the same species
42
Abiotic limiting factors
* Water
* Temperature
* Sunlight
* O2
43
Genetic Diversity
| IB
Amount of variation in inherited traits between individuals of the same species
44
Species Diversity
| IB
Number of different species
45
Taxonomy
| IB
Classification system that infers relationships among organisms
## Footnote
Helps us to:
* Identify organisms
* Recognize similarities between groupings of organisms
46
# The Three Domains
Eukaryote
| IB
* Uni and multicellular
* Sexual reproduction
* Phenotypes and nutrition are diverse
* Each kingdom has specializations
47
# The Three Domains
Archaebacteria
| IB
* Prokaryotes: unicellular
* Asexual reproduction
* Chemoautotrophic or heterotroph
* Extreme environments
48
# The Three Domains
Eubacteria
| IB
* Prokaryote; unicellular
* No membrane bound nucleus
* Asexual reproduction
* Mixotrophic
* Variety of environments
## Footnote
Bacteria that:
* Fix nitrogen
* Help you digest
49
# 6 Kingdoms
Archaea
| IB
Single-celled prokaryotic organisms that live in extreme environments
50
# 6 Kingdoms
Bacteria
| IB
Single-celled prokaryotic organisms that live in a wide range of habitats
51
# 6 Kingdoms
Protista
| IB
Consists of both single and multi-celled eukaryotic organisms
52
# 6 Kingdoms
Fungi
| IB
Single and multi-celled eukaryotes that secrete enzymes to digest their food
53
# 6 Kingdoms
Plantae
| IB
Eukaryotic multi-celled organisms that use photosynthesis
54
# 6 Kingdoms
Animalia
| IB
Eukaryotic multi-celled organisms that are heterotrophs
55
Phylogeny (history of evolution)
| IB
Shows the relationship between organisms. Starts with ancestral form and include branchings that lead to all of its descendants
56
Dichotomous Key
| IB
Two-part key used to identify living things - figure out the species of an organism
| Often done by physical characteristics
57
Natural classification system
| IB
Classify group organisms according to evolutionary relationships
58
Artificial classification
| IB
Classify group organisms based on non-predictive features;
* Do not consider species relatedness
* Easy to develop
* Not often used
59
Phylogenetic Classifications
| IB
Differenciate organisms based on genetic features
60
2 Advantages of Natural Classification
| IB
1. Identification of species is easier
2. Can predict the characteristics of species within a group. This is because all members of the group have evolved from a common ancestral species
61
Doman: Archaeabacteria
Kingdom: Archaea
| IB
* Oldest type of life on Earth
* Mostly autotrophic but some are heterotrophic
62
Domainl: Eubacteria
Kingdom: Bacteria
| IB
* Unicellular
* Asexual reproduction
* Mixotrophic
* Exist in both aerobic and anaerobic environments
63
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Protista
| IB
* Mostly unicellular, can be multicellular
* Autrotrophs, heterotrophs or decomposers
64
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Plantae
| IB
* Photoautotrophic
* Doesn't move
* Cellulose wall
* Multicellular
65
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
| IB
* No cell wall
* Multicellular
* Heterotrophic
66
Bryophytes - Mosses/liverworts
| IB
* Does not have "true" roots, leaves or stems
* Anchored by rootlike structures called rhizoids
* Lack vascularisation
* Reproduce via pores
67
Filicinophyta (Ferns)
| IB
* Have leaves, roots, stens, leaves, are pinnate
* Have vascular system
* Reproduce via spores
68
Coniferphytes - Woody trees and shrubs
| IB
* Leaves, roots stems
* Stems are woody, leaves are waxy and needle-like
* Have vascular system
* Produce via non-motile seeds (found in cones)
69
Angiospermophyta - Flowering plants
| IB
* Have leaves, roots, stems
* Highly variable in structure
* Vascular system present
* Reproduces via seeds in ovules which are in flowers or fruits
70
Porifera - Sea sponge
| IB
* Aymmetrical
* No mouth or anus
* Silica or calcium carbonate based spicules to provide structural support
* Sessile
71
Cnidaria - Anemones, coral, jellyfish
| IB
* Radial body symmetry
* Mouth but no anus
* May have tentacles with stinging cells; uesd for capturing and disabling prey
* Corals secrete calcium carbonate skeleton
72
Platyhelmnithes - Flatworms
| IB
* Bilateral body symmetry
* Mouth but no anus
* Flattened body shape (high SA:V ratio)
* May be parasitic and live within host organisms
73
Annelida - Earthworms and leeches
| IB
* Bilateral symmetry
* Seperate mouth and anus (connect through gut)
* Ringed segments
* Peristaltic contraction of segments
74
Mollusca - Slugs, squids, bivalves
| IB
* Bilateral body symmetry
* Seperate mouth and anus (connect through gut)
* Visceral mass, muscular foot and mantle
* Diverse in size and anatomical structure
75
Arthopoda - Spiders and scorpions
| IB
* Bilateral body symmetry
* Seperate mouth and anus (connect through gut)
* Joined body secretions and appendages
* Hard chitinous exosleletons
* >80% of all known living animal species
76
Chordata - Vertebrates
| IB
* Bilateral body symmetry
* Seperate mouth and anus (connect through gut)
* Notochord, hollow, dorsal nerve tube, develop into backbone (spine)
* Some subphyla are invertebrates
77
Cladistics
| IB
Determination of evolutionary relationships based on common features
78
Clade
| IB
A group of organisms that have evolved froma common ancestor
| Species can evolve over time and split to form new species
79
Homologous Traits
| IB
* Same anatomy; different function
* Share common ancestry
* Arise via divergent evolution
80
Analogous Traits
| IB
* Different anatomy; same function
* Do not share common ancestry
* Arise via convergent evolution
81
Molecular Clock
| IB
DNA and protein sequences evolve at a rate that is relatively constant over time and among different organisms
82
Mitochondrial DNA
* Only inherited maternally
* Does not go meiotic recombination
* More copies per cell
* Higher mutation rate
## Footnote
Therefore: Ideal for comparisons of species that diverged recently
83
Biology 20 IB
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