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Biology 20 IB > B1 > Flashcards

B1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Biotic

A

Living things

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2
Q

Abiotic

A

Non living things

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3
Q

Individuals/Species

A

A single organism

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4
Q

Population

A

A group of individualds from the same species that can reproduce

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5
Q

Community

A

The interaction of different populations

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6
Q

Ecosystem

A

A community and its physical and chemical environment

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7
Q

Ecotones

A

Transition area between ecosystems where organisms from both ecosystems interact

Organisms can move back and forth between ecosystems

  • Greater biodiversity ➡ More stable
  • Edges = More diverse
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8
Q

Ecological Niche

A

An organism’s role in an ecosystem

Each species tends to have a different niche

  • Place in food web
  • Habitat
  • Breeding area
  • The time of day at which its most active
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9
Q

Ecological Niche

Owl vs Hawks.

(DO NOT need to memorize - Just an example)

A
  • Feed on similar organisms
  • Occupy different niches ➡ Non competing

Do not compete with each other to obtain resources

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10
Q

Terrestrial Niches

A

Helps us understand how organisms in an ecoystem interact with each other

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11
Q

Ecological Niche of a Population

A

The role its members play in a ecosystem

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12
Q

Aquatic Niches

Great White Shark

(DO NOT need to memorize - Just an example)

A
  • Place in food web - Top predator
  • Habitat - Temperate costal waters
  • Breeding Areas - Warm temperate and subtropical
  • Time of day its most active - Dusk and dawn
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13
Q

New (exotic) species

A

New species can cause disturbance

Start competing for a niche with 1+ species

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14
Q

How do new exotic species arrive

A
  • Natural movement
  • Seed dispersal
  • New routes
  • Human introduction
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15
Q

Effects of new exotic species

A

Major cause of species depletion, extinction, habitat loss

Because of:
* No natural population control
* Native species can’t compete
* Prey lack defense mechanisms

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16
Q

Biome

A

A large geographical region with a specific climate and the organisms that are adapted to that climate

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17
Q

4 Major Terrestrial Biomes in Canada

A
  1. Tundra
  2. Taiga
  3. Temeprate Deciduous Forest
  4. Grassland
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18
Q

2 Major Aquatic Biomes in Canada

A
  • Freshwater (lake,river,pond ecosystems)
  • Marine (ocean ecosystems)
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19
Q

Abiotic Factors of Aquatic Ecosystems

A
  • Temperature
  • Sunlight
  • Dissolved O2 (Colder water can hold more O2)
  • Depth
  • Light
  • Clarity
  • Dissolved Nutrients
  • Salinity
  • pH
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20
Q

Littoral Zone

A

Area from the shore of a lake or pond to the point where no more plants grow in the lake bottom

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21
Q

Limnetic Zone

A

Area of a lake or pond in which there is openw ater and sufficent light for photosynthesis to occur

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22
Q

Profundal Zone

A

Region of a lake beneath the limnetic zone, in which there is insufficient light for photosynthesis to occur

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23
Q

Benthic Zone

A

The lowest ecological zone in a water body, and usually involves the sediments at the seafloor

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24
Q

Productivity

A

Rate of which producers capture/store energy

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25
Q

Seasonal Variations

Fall

A
  • Surface water cools ➡ Water becomes more dense ➡ sinks with O2 (fall turnover)
  • When the water becomes cooler than 4 °C the layer reforms for winter
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26
Q

Seasonal Variations

Winter

A
  • Ice layer can form on top
  • Photosynthesis can occur if light can penetrate ice layer (O2 high)
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27
Q

Seasonal Variation

Spring

A
  • Ice melts ➡ O2 exchange at surface
  • Warming of surface water ➡ sinks➡ takes O2 to deeper layers
  • Warm water sinks ➡ deep water pushed to surface (spring turnover)
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28
Q

Stratification

A

More lught is absorbed at shallow depths, which means heat is retained in the surface level. This density gradient seperates the lake into 3 layers

Occurs due to temp. and salinity gradients

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29
Q

Epilimnion

A

Surface layer which is less dense, absorbs more light and heat

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30
Q

Nutrient Availibility

Oligotrophic Lake

A
  • Low nutrient levels
  • Photosynthesis-limited (less producers)
  • Clear water
  • O2 rich
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31
Q

Nutrient Availibility

Eutrophic Lake

A
  • High nutrient levels
  • High photosynthesis
  • Murky water
  • O2 poor
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32
Q

Soil Layers

Litter

A

Upper layer made up of partially decomposed leaves/grasses

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33
Q

Soil Layers

Topsoil

A

Beneath litter made up of small rocks and decaying plant and animal matter (humus = nutrient rich)

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34
Q

Soil layers

Subsoil

A

Beneath topsoil made up of rock particles and small amounts of organic matter

35
Q

Soil layers

Bedrock

A

Layer of soil that marks end of soil

36
Q

Water table

A

Boundary between groundwater and soil that is unsaturated with water

37
Q

Groundwater

A

Water in soil

38
Q

Limiting Factor

A

Anything that slows a population’s growth

39
Q

Biotic limiting factors

A
  • Competition for resources
  • Predation
  • Parasites/disease
40
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Between 2 different species

41
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Between the same species

42
Q

Abiotic limiting factors

A
  • Water
  • Temperature
  • Sunlight
  • O2
43
Q

Genetic Diversity

IB

A

Amount of variation in inherited traits between individuals of the same species

44
Q

Species Diversity

IB

A

Number of different species

45
Q

Taxonomy

IB

A

Classification system that infers relationships among organisms

Helps us to:
* Identify organisms
* Recognize similarities between groupings of organisms

46
Q

The Three Domains

Eukaryote

IB

A
  • Uni and multicellular
  • Sexual reproduction
  • Phenotypes and nutrition are diverse
  • Each kingdom has specializations
47
Q

The Three Domains

Archaebacteria

IB

A
  • Prokaryotes: unicellular
  • Asexual reproduction
  • Chemoautotrophic or heterotroph
  • Extreme environments
48
Q

The Three Domains

Eubacteria

IB

A
  • Prokaryote; unicellular
  • No membrane bound nucleus
  • Asexual reproduction
  • Mixotrophic
  • Variety of environments

Bacteria that:
* Fix nitrogen
* Help you digest

49
Q

6 Kingdoms

Archaea

IB

A

Single-celled prokaryotic organisms that live in extreme environments

50
Q

6 Kingdoms

Bacteria

IB

A

Single-celled prokaryotic organisms that live in a wide range of habitats

51
Q

6 Kingdoms

Protista

IB

A

Consists of both single and multi-celled eukaryotic organisms

52
Q

6 Kingdoms

Fungi

IB

A

Single and multi-celled eukaryotes that secrete enzymes to digest their food

53
Q

6 Kingdoms

Plantae

IB

A

Eukaryotic multi-celled organisms that use photosynthesis

54
Q

6 Kingdoms

Animalia

IB

A

Eukaryotic multi-celled organisms that are heterotrophs

55
Q

Phylogeny (history of evolution)

IB

A

Shows the relationship between organisms. Starts with ancestral form and include branchings that lead to all of its descendants

56
Q

Dichotomous Key

IB

A

Two-part key used to identify living things - figure out the species of an organism

Often done by physical characteristics

57
Q

Natural classification system

IB

A

Classify group organisms according to evolutionary relationships

58
Q

Artificial classification

IB

A

Classify group organisms based on non-predictive features;
* Do not consider species relatedness
* Easy to develop
* Not often used

59
Q

Phylogenetic Classifications

IB

A

Differenciate organisms based on genetic features

60
Q

2 Advantages of Natural Classification

IB

A
  1. Identification of species is easier
  2. Can predict the characteristics of species within a group. This is because all members of the group have evolved from a common ancestral species
61
Q

Doman: Archaeabacteria
Kingdom: Archaea

IB

A
  • Oldest type of life on Earth
  • Mostly autotrophic but some are heterotrophic
62
Q

Domainl: Eubacteria
Kingdom: Bacteria

IB

A
  • Unicellular
  • Asexual reproduction
  • Mixotrophic
  • Exist in both aerobic and anaerobic environments
63
Q

Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Protista

IB

A
  • Mostly unicellular, can be multicellular
  • Autrotrophs, heterotrophs or decomposers
64
Q

Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Plantae

IB

A
  • Photoautotrophic
  • Doesn’t move
  • Cellulose wall
  • Multicellular
65
Q

Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia

IB

A
  • No cell wall
  • Multicellular
  • Heterotrophic
66
Q

Bryophytes - Mosses/liverworts

IB

A
  • Does not have “true” roots, leaves or stems
  • Anchored by rootlike structures called rhizoids
  • Lack vascularisation
  • Reproduce via pores
67
Q

Filicinophyta (Ferns)

IB

A
  • Have leaves, roots, stens, leaves, are pinnate
  • Have vascular system
  • Reproduce via spores
68
Q

Coniferphytes - Woody trees and shrubs

IB

A
  • Leaves, roots stems
  • Stems are woody, leaves are waxy and needle-like
  • Have vascular system
  • Produce via non-motile seeds (found in cones)
69
Q

Angiospermophyta - Flowering plants

IB

A
  • Have leaves, roots, stems
  • Highly variable in structure
  • Vascular system present
  • Reproduces via seeds in ovules which are in flowers or fruits
70
Q

Porifera - Sea sponge

IB

A
  • Aymmetrical
  • No mouth or anus
  • Silica or calcium carbonate based spicules to provide structural support
  • Sessile
71
Q

Cnidaria - Anemones, coral, jellyfish

IB

A
  • Radial body symmetry
  • Mouth but no anus
  • May have tentacles with stinging cells; uesd for capturing and disabling prey
  • Corals secrete calcium carbonate skeleton
72
Q

Platyhelmnithes - Flatworms

IB

A
  • Bilateral body symmetry
  • Mouth but no anus
  • Flattened body shape (high SA:V ratio)
  • May be parasitic and live within host organisms
73
Q

Annelida - Earthworms and leeches

IB

A
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Seperate mouth and anus (connect through gut)
  • Ringed segments
  • Peristaltic contraction of segments
74
Q

Mollusca - Slugs, squids, bivalves

IB

A
  • Bilateral body symmetry
  • Seperate mouth and anus (connect through gut)
  • Visceral mass, muscular foot and mantle
  • Diverse in size and anatomical structure
75
Q

Arthopoda - Spiders and scorpions

IB

A
  • Bilateral body symmetry
  • Seperate mouth and anus (connect through gut)
  • Joined body secretions and appendages
  • Hard chitinous exosleletons
  • > 80% of all known living animal species
76
Q

Chordata - Vertebrates

IB

A
  • Bilateral body symmetry
  • Seperate mouth and anus (connect through gut)
  • Notochord, hollow, dorsal nerve tube, develop into backbone (spine)
  • Some subphyla are invertebrates
77
Q

Cladistics

IB

A

Determination of evolutionary relationships based on common features

78
Q

Clade

IB

A

A group of organisms that have evolved froma common ancestor

Species can evolve over time and split to form new species

79
Q

Homologous Traits

IB

A
  • Same anatomy; different function
  • Share common ancestry
  • Arise via divergent evolution
80
Q

Analogous Traits

IB

A
  • Different anatomy; same function
  • Do not share common ancestry
  • Arise via convergent evolution
81
Q

Molecular Clock

IB

A

DNA and protein sequences evolve at a rate that is relatively constant over time and among different organisms

82
Q

Mitochondrial DNA

A
  • Only inherited maternally
  • Does not go meiotic recombination
  • More copies per cell
  • Higher mutation rate

Therefore: Ideal for comparisons of species that diverged recently

83
Q
A

Biology 20 IB (10 decks)

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