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vtt 115 - clin path 2 > cytology > Flashcards

cytology Flashcards

1
Q

cytology

A

Study of cells Exfoliative=cells shed from body

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2
Q

fine needle aspiration

A
  • Hold the mass firmly
  • stick mass with needle and syringe
  • draw back on the plunger until about three fourths of the volume of the syringe
  • Redirect the needle to collect sample regions of the mass—maintaining negative pressure
  • Remove from mass after removing negative pressure and remove the needle from the syringe
  • Draw air into syringe and replace needle
  • Expel needle contents onto slide
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3
Q

direct imprints

A
  1. Imprint before the lesion is cleaned
  2. Then clean the lesion with saline-moistened surgical sponge Imprint No. 2 is taken
  3. Debride lesion and imprint No. 3
  4. If a scab is present, imprint underside of scab No. 4
  5. Imprint exposed tissue No. 5
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4
Q

fluids and washes

A
  • 18- or 20- gauge through-the-needle catheter
  • Cliphair of laryngeal area and aseptically prepare Lidocaine for local anesthesia
  • Needle inserted into trachea through cricothyroid membrane and catheter advanced into the lumen of the trachea
  • Sterile saline is infused through catheter
  • When animal coughs, pull back plunger to collect fluid
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5
Q

swab

A

moisten sterile cotton swab with sterile saline, after collection gently roll swab along slide do not rub

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6
Q

methods for properly preparing a slide from FNA, swabbing, fluids and washes, and solid tumor

A

Compression, Combination, Starfish, Line Smear, Wedge smear

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7
Q

stains of choice

A

Romanowsky stains (Wright, Giemsa, DiffQuick, DipStat), New Methylene Blue

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8
Q

how to examine a cytological slide

A

Start at 10X to find islands of cells then switch to 40X; Yes coverslip if no oil immersion, if oil immersion no coverslip

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9
Q

how samples should be prepared for sending to a referral lab. If you look at the slides prior to sending them, what must you NOT do?

A
  • 2-3 air dried unstained slides
  • 2-3 Romanowsky stained slides
  • direct smears and EDTA and Red top tubes
  • protect slides, DO NOT SEND SLIDES WITH OIL
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10
Q

parts of the body from which cells may be collected for analysis and the method that may be used to collect cells from each area

A
  • Bodily fluids- cerebrospinal, peritoneal, pleural, synovial (washes and aspiration)
  • Mucosal surfaces-trachea, vagina (transtracheal wash, percutaneous, swabbing)
  • Secretions-semen, prostatic fluid, milk (collection into proper tube, endoscopic method, FNA)
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11
Q

how a sample is collected from a dog and prepared for vaginal cytology examination

A

Swab with cotton swab moistened with sterile saline, roll onto slide

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12
Q

Karyorrhexis

A

Cell fragmentation

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13
Q

Karyolysis

A

Rapid cell death

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14
Q

pyknosis

A

Slow cell death (aging)

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15
Q

degenerative neutrophil

A

swelling of the nucleus, nucleus appears lighter stained and smudged

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16
Q

sepsis

A

infection

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17
Q

non - degenerative neutrophil

A

these are neutrophils with tightly clumped, basophilic nuclear chromatin

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18
Q

Neoplasia

A

Contain a homogeneous population of a single cell type

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19
Q

Macrophage

A

tissue resident immune cells and can be generated from monocytes in the blood after their activation and tissue infiltration

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20
Q

Inflammatory

A

characterized by WBCs

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21
Q

Malignant

A

Cancerous cells likely to spread and cause more serious disease

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22
Q

Benign

A

cells that are not likely to spread to other areas

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23
Q

nucleolus/nucleoli

A

Malignant cells display abnormal configurations

24
Q

procedure for initial examination a cytology slide

A

10X objective: estimate 2 dominant cell types by scanning multiple fields, switch to 40X identify multiple fields one at a time

25
Q

As you first examine a slide, what 3 things should you look for that would prompt you to make a new slide?

A

Smear is too thick, has few cells, or mostly broken cells

26
Q

What do you determine first when looking at the cells?

A

Identify dominant cells, and decide whether the sample is non-inflammatory or inflammatory

27
Q

What cells are dominant in an inflammatory response?

A

Neutrophils,macrophages, or eosinophils

28
Q

3 types of cells seen if there is neoplasia

A

Round cells
Mesenchymal (spindle cells)
Epithelial cells

29
Q

round cells

A

individualized, round nuclei, distinct cell borders, high cellularity

30
Q

mesenchymal spindle cells

A

wispy, frayed, indistinct cytoplasmic borders, low to moderate cellularity, disorganized clusters

31
Q

epithelial cells

A

Polygonal, caudate, or round. (like epithelial types in urine) Distinct cell borders. “Organized” clusters. Moderated to high cellularity

32
Q

characteristics of a neoplastic cell in comparison to benign cells

A
  • large variations in size, appearance
    nuclei tend to be large, and they may have course chromatin
  • there may be more than one nucleus in a cell or other signs of abnormal mitosis nucleoli are present in irregular numbers and sizes
  • large variations in the ratio of nucleus size to cytoplasm, cytoplasm may be very basophilic, cell margins may be frayed, Purple granules or black and green granules in the cytoplasm of cells with round nuclei
33
Q

Neutrophils and macrophages are the most common cells seen in inflammation caused by fungus or

A

parasites

34
Q

What other cell types indicate inflammation related to parasites or allergy?

A

eosinophils

35
Q

How can you tell mature lymphocytes from neoplastic round cells on a cytology smear?

A

neoplastic cells will display at least three abnormal configurations within the nucleus such as nucleoli with variable shapes, a diffuse chromatin pattern, etc.

36
Q

5 characteristics that a degenerative neutrophil might exhibit

A

karyolysis, karyorrhexis, pyknosis, swollen cell, toxic granules, frothy cytoplasm, and/ or increased basophilia of cytoplasm

37
Q

Sepsis is likely when we see large numbers of _____. If we see cells of these types with bacteria in the cytoplasm, that will confirm it.

A

degenerate neutrophils

38
Q

What else can cause inflammation other than sepsis?

A

Non-septic inflammation Indicates the body is trying to get rid of dead tissue, a foreign body, or abnormal tissue growth (neoplasia)

39
Q

Describe a mast cell. Which of the 3 types of neoplastic cell types is it? How can it be differentiated from a basophil? How can it be differentiated from melanoma?

A

Mast cell tumors—prominent purple/black granules (round cells - no indented nucleus like baso)
Melanoma—cells with prominent dark black granules

40
Q

You see a bunch of strings of blue on a cytologic smear and they all go the same direction. What are these? What is the cause?

A

Smudged cells from incorrect technique

41
Q

What is the name of the yeast common in ear infections? What does it look like?

A

Malassezia, footprint

42
Q

Besides yeast, what else would you look for on an ear smear that would indicate infection?

A

bacteria

43
Q

You are looking at a slide made from swabbing out an ear. You see cellular debris and 3 yeast cells and 10 rod bacteria on the whole slide. Should you tell the vet that the slide indicates the animal has an ear infection?

A

This would be few yeast and few bacteria so no

44
Q

You rolled a swab of material taken from the ear canal on a slide. What do you do to the slide before staining it?

A

Heating the slide can help get rid of excess cerumen

45
Q

If you stain a slide made from an FNA of a lipoma with Sudan stain, what will the cells look like? What is a lipoma? If you stained it with Dif-Quick, what would you see on the slide?

A

Sample looks like oil on the slide; Sample disappears after fixed in Dif-Quick. Staining slide with NMB or Sudan IV stain shows outline of large, fat filled cells with dot-like nuclei near edge.

46
Q

microscope settings for vaginal cytology

A

40x, medium light

47
Q

why is vaginal cytology not done on cats

A

potential ovulate because they think they’ve been mated

48
Q

4 phases of canine estrous cycle

A

anestrus
proestrus
estrus
diestrus

49
Q

anestrus

A
  • no vulvar swelling
  • doesn’t attract male
  • primarily parabasal and small intermediate
50
Q

proestrus

A
  • attracted to male
  • first heat cycle
  • leaning off paranasal to more intermediate and superficial
51
Q

estrus

A
  • accepts male
  • mainly anclear
52
Q

diestrus

A
  • decrease in swelling
  • no longer attracts male
  • anuclear disappears and parabasal reappears
53
Q

two reasons besides breeding status for doing a vaginal cytology

A

vaginitis and metritis

54
Q

vaginitis

A

inflammation of vulva

55
Q

metritis

A

inflammation of uterus

vtt 115 - clin path 2 (7 decks)

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