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vtt 115 - clin path 2 > blood parasites and heart worm > Flashcards

blood parasites and heart worm Flashcards

1
Q

What is a blood parasite?

A

Pathogenic organism living in or on RBCs and WBCs

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2
Q

What 4 things does the 4DX Test test for?

A

Heartworm, Lyme, Ehrlichia, anaplasma

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3
Q

The 3DX Test tests for?

A

Heartworm, lyme, ehrlichia

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4
Q

What is the disadvantage of testing for antibodies rather than antigens?

A

Antibodies only tells us that the pet was exposed to the disease not that it currently is harboring the disease

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5
Q

Which blood parasite causes Feline Infectious Anemia?

A

Mycoplasma haemofelis

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6
Q

If looking for blood parasites on a smear, which parts of the smear are more likely to have infected cells?

A

edges of smear

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7
Q

How are these parasites transmitted?

A

ticks

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8
Q

Besides anemia, name other symptoms/health issues caused by blood parasites

A

Lethargy, fever, Thrombocytopenia, lameness

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9
Q

A buffy coat smear is helpful in finding which of the blood parasites?

A

The WBC parasites Ehrlichia and Anaplasma

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10
Q

Ehrlichia canis

A

Monocyte-cytoplasm
Rickettsial bacteria-brown dog tick

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11
Q

Ehrlichia ewingii

A

Neutrophil-cytoplasm
Rickettsial bacteria-ticks

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12
Q

Anaplasma platys

A

Invades platelets also
Rickettsial bacteria-ticks

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13
Q

Anaplasma phagocytophylum

A

Neutrophil-cytoplasm
Rickettsial bacteria-ticks

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14
Q

Anaplasma marginale

A

Edge of RBC
Ticks

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15
Q

Babesia spp

A

Teardrop or ring- shaped organism found in erythrocyte
ticks

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16
Q

Haemobartonella felis

A

Round rod or ring shaped bacteria found on RBC
Fleas and ticks

17
Q

What is the scientific name for the heartworm?

A

Dirofliaria Immitis

18
Q

What is the scientific & common name of the larva which may be confused with heartworm larvae?

A

Acanthocheilonema sp (Dipetalonema)

19
Q

List symptoms of heartworm a client might notice

A

Cough, dyspnea, tiring easily after exercise

20
Q

List 3 things you could see on the differential that may indicate the dog has heartworm

A

Increased WBC count, Eosinophilia, Basophilia

21
Q

How long does it take before larvae mature? When can microfilaria be found in a newly infected dog?

A

70 days; 6 months

22
Q

List ways heartworm can be diagnosed (6)

A

Differential smear, direct smear, hematocrit scan, Modified Knott’s test, Difil test, ELISA

23
Q

Explain why cats are a poor reservoir for heartworm

A

Not natural host (aberrant host), immune system kills most larvae

24
Q

A highly sensitive test is prone to false _____ results. A highly specific test is prone to false _____ results

A

positive; negative

25
Q

What is a “false positive” result?

A

Detects antibodies in the system but not current disease

26
Q

For each type of heartworm test, discuss how sensitive it is and how specific it is (ELISA, concentration tests, crit scan, direct smear)

A

ELISA - specific detects antigen to adult female heartworm can detect occult infections (no microfilaria)
Concentration tests - specific-look for L 1 larvae in the blood
Crit scan - specific microfilaria
Direct smear - specific microfilaria

27
Q

Describe how to perform a direct smear for heartworm

A
  • Put 1-2 drops of blood on a slide
  • add coverslip
  • observe on 10X medium light
28
Q

Which heartworm tests are “concentration tests”?

A

Difil, Modified Knott’s test

29
Q

Name 5 tests for microfilaria

A

direct smear, differential smear, crit scan, difil, modified knotts

30
Q

Describe 3 differences that help you distinguish Acanthoheilomea from Dirofilaria

A
  • Size-Acanthoheilomea smaller
  • Dirofilaria has a tapered straight tail
  • Acanthoheilomea has a curved crooked tail
31
Q

A cat is tested for microfilaria, but the test is negative. Does this mean the cat doesn’t have heartworm? Explain. Rate the sensitivity and specificity of microfilaria tests for heartworm in the cat

A

Cats with heartworm disease rarely have microfilaria, Elisa tests detect antigen to adult female heartworm, cats may only have one or two adult heartworms and may not have females. The microfilaria tests are specific therefore are prone to false negatives

32
Q

The IFA test looks for?

A

Antibody to heartworm

33
Q

If the IFA test is positive, does that mean for sure that the animal has heartworm?

A

No, prone to false positive

34
Q

ELISA tests for heartworm detect what?

A

Antigen to adult female heartworm

35
Q

What is the advantage of ELISA tests for heartworm compared to other types of tests?

A

Can detect occult infections where no microfilaria are present

36
Q

Explain what an “occult infection” is. What can cause it?

A

No microfilaria present, drugs used to prevent heartworm infections kill circulating microfilaria

37
Q

What can cause a false negative ELISA test?

A

No adult female heartworms

38
Q

What is meant by an “aberrant host”?

A

Not the natural host

vtt 115 - clin path 2 (7 decks)

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