Cytokines of the Innate Immune System

Question 1

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

1. Principal cell source(s)
2. Principle cellular targets and biologic effects

Answer 1

1. Macrophages, T-cells
2. Endothelial cells: activation, neutrophils: activation, hypothalamus: fever, liver: synthesis of acute phase proteins, muscle/fat: catabolism, other cell types: apoptosis

Question 2

Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

1. Principal cell source(s)
2. Principle cellular targets and biologic effects

Answer 2

1. Macrophages, endothelial cells, some epithelial cells
2. Endothelial cells: activation, hypothalamus: fever, liver: synthesis of acute phase proteins, T-cells: Th17 differentiation

Question 3

Chemokines

1. Principal cell source(s)
2. Principle cellular targets and biologic effects

Answer 3

1. Macrophages, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, T-cells, fibroblasts, platelets
2. leukocytes: increased integrin affinity, chemotaxis, activation

Question 4

Interluekin-12 (IL-12)

1. Principal cell source(s)
2. Principle cellular targets and biologic effects

Answer 4

1. dendritic cells, macrophages
2. NK and T-cells: IFN-gamma production, increased cytotoxic activity, T-cells: Th1 differentiation

Question 5

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)

1. Principal cell source(s)
2. Principle cellular targets and biologic effects

Answer 5

1. NK cells, T-cells
2. Activation of macrophages, stimulation of some antibody responses

Question 6

**Type I Interferons (IFN-alpha/beta) **

1. Principal cell source(s)
2. Principle cellular targets and biologic effects

Answer 6

1. IFN-alpha: dendritic cells, macrophages; IFN-beta: fibroblasts
2. All cells: antiviral state, increased class I MHC; NK cells: activation

Question 7

Interleukin-10 (IL-10)

1. Principal cell source(s)
2. Principle cellular targets and biologic effects

Answer 7

1. macrophages, dendritic cells, T-cells
2. macrophages and dendritic cells: inhibition of IL-12, reduced expression of co-stimulators and MHC II

Question 8

Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

1. Principal cell source(s)
2. Principle cellular targets and biologic effects

Answer 8

1. macrophages, endothelial cells, T-cells
2. liver: synthesis of acute-phase proteins; B-cells: proliferation of antibody-producing cells

Question 9

Interleukin-15 (IL-15)

1. Principal cell source(s)
2. Principle cellular targets and biologic effects

Answer 9

1. macrophages, others
2. NK and T-cells: proliferation

Question 10

Interleukin-18 (IL-18)

1. Principal cell source(s)
2. Principle cellular targets and biologic effects

Answer 10

1. Macrophages
2. NK and T-cells: IFN-gamma synthesis

Question 11

TGF-Beta

1. Principal cell source(s)
2. Principle cellular targets and biologic effects

Answer 11

1. Many cell types
2. Inhibition of inflammation; T-cells: differentiation of Th17, Treg