cytokines

Question 1

cytokines
types
made of

Answer 1

polypeptide signalling molecules
released by ccells
can induce pro or anti inflammatory response
soluble
consist of alpha helical or beta sheets

Question 2

process of induction by producing cell

Answer 2

inducing stimulus such as viral RNA

binds to receptor for stimulation, intracellular vesicle entry of in cytoplasm
activation of intracellular signalling pathway
cytokine gene activation
cytokine synthesis
release of cytokine

Question 3

induction by target cell

Answer 3

binding of cytokine onto specific recepte
intra cellular signalling pathway e.g. JAK STAT
cytokine target gene activation
synthesis of target product
effect of target genes

Question 4

name two inittal and nnate cytokines

Answer 4

tnf alpha

ifn alpha or beta

Question 5

describe function of tnf alpha

Answer 5

[1] PRO inflammatory
[2]upregulate mhc1 expression, involved
[3]ANTIapoptoicfactor, stimulate liver cells to product [4]CRP marker of inflame
[5]Immunoregulatory, antiviral pathways activated
[6]Stimulates cell proliferation

Question 6

ifn alpha or beta

Answer 6

[1]Single gene for B,multiple genes for a
[2]stimulate INTERFERON SPECIFIC GENES
[3]Made by most cells –response to viral infection
[4]Activates NK cell cytotoxic activity
[5]Enhances MHC I antigen presentation
[6]Facilitation of T-cell IFNgresponses

Question 7

Adaptive Cytokines
produced by
examples and their function

Answer 7

produced mainly or exclusively by T-cells
IL-2 expressed by t cell, autocrine growth factor, induce ifn gama express, t cell proliferation

IFN gamma- enhane antigen and  mhc presentation, ig class switching, 
Stimulates nitric oxide synthase

Question 8

chemokines
examples
function

Answer 8

Attract immune cells to chemokine producing cell
chemoattractant to guide the migration of cells. Cells that are attracted by chemokines follow a signal of increasing chemokine concentration towards the source of the chemokine. Some chemokines control cells of the immune system during processes of immune surveillance

Four Families - c, cc, cxc cx3c
example ccl3- mediator inflammatiory mediators IL1 6 TNFalpha
tissue inflame
Migration of protective NK cells into CMV infected liver

Question 9

hcv

Answer 9

ifn alpha beta gana il2
il10 tgfbeta
il15
tnfalpha

Question 10

tlr

Answer 10

membrane proteisn sin imunity
12 TLR
ppr are microbal components of immune response

4 lps
5 flagella
9 - dna cpg

7/8 sssrna
4 dsrna
2 mutation leprosy