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JDL > Cytogenetics Meiosis, Development, and Aging > Flashcards

Cytogenetics Meiosis, Development, and Aging Flashcards

1
Q

Two divisions of the genetic material

A

Reduction Division (Meiosis 1)
Equational Division (Meiosis 2)

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2
Q

Reduces the no. of replicated chromosomes from 46 to 23

A

Reduction Division (Meiosis I)

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3
Q

Produces 4 cells from the 2 cells formed in the 1st division by splitting the replicated chromosomes

A

Equational Division (Meiosis II)

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4
Q

Gametes are formed from special cells

A

Germline Cells

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5
Q

Halved the chromosomes no during meiosis

Contribute 23 diff chromosomes, constituting 1 copy of the genome

Chromosomes pairs are Homologous pair: same genes in the same order but carries diff alleles

Haploid Cells

A

Gametes

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6
Q

W/o meiosis, sperm and oocyte would each contain 46 chromosomes and the fertilized ovum have twice the normal no of chromosomes

A

Polyploid

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7
Q

Occurs after an interphase period where DNA is being replicated

A

Reduction Meiosis (Meiosis I)

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8
Q

The homologs exvhange parts or cross over

All 4 chromatids that comprise each homologous chromosome pairs aligh as exhage occur

After crossing over, each homolog bears some genes from each parent

New gene combinations arise from corssing over when the parents carry different alleles

Toward the end of prophase I, the synapsed chromosomes separate but remain attached at a few points along their lengths

A

Synapsis and Cross Over

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9
Q

Different Phases of Reduction Meiosis (Meiosis I)

A

Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I

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10
Q

Homologs align down the center of the cell

Each member of homologous pair attaches to a spindle fiber at an opposite pole

generates genetic diversity

A

Metaphase I

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11
Q

Caused by random alignment of chromosomes

Means that the fate of a gene on 1 chromosome is not influenced by a gene on a different chromosome.

Accounts for the basic law of inheritance

A

Independent Assortement of Genes

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12
Q

Homologs separte and move to opposite poles

A

Anaphase I

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13
Q

Nuclear envelope partially assemble around chromosomes

A

Telophase I

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14
Q

Divides cell into 2 haploid cells

A

Cytokinesis

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15
Q

___ 4 Haploid Cell (each carrying a new assortment of genes and chromosomes that hold a single copy of the genome

A

Net Result

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16
Q

The centromeres of each replicated chromosome in meiosis I remain together and unfold during

The single DNA replication, followed by the double division of meiosis, halves the chromosomes number: Haploid Cell

A

Equational Meiosis (Meiosis II)

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17
Q

Where DNA replication happens

A

S-Phase

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18
Q

Chromosomes become condensed and visibe again

A

Prophase II

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19
Q

Align down the center of the cell

A

Metaphase II

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20
Q

Centromeres part

Newly chromosomes formed (each has unreplicated form)

A

Anaphase II

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21
Q

Nuclear enveloped form around the four nuclei, which then separate into individual cells

A

Telophase II

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22
Q

Formation of sperm cells

A

Spermatogenesis

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23
Q

Diploid stem cell of sperm

Divides mitotically to form 2 daughter cells

A

Spermatogonium

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24
Q

2 Daughter cells

A
  1. Type A: magiging stem cells
  2. Type B: become primary Spermatocyte
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25
Q

Forms 2 haploid cells called secondary Spermatocytes

A

Primary Spermatocytes

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26
Q

Primary to Secondary Spermatocyte

A

Meiosis I

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27
Q

Spermatid to Sperm

A

Meiosis II

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28
Q

Divides to yield 2 equal-sized spermatids in the replicated form

A

Secondary Spermatocyte

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29
Q

Spermatid elongates and sheds its excess cytoplasm

Spermatids develop sperm flagellum

A

Spermiogenesis (Maturation)

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30
Q

Produces Sperm/Spermatozoa

A

Spermiogenesis (Maturation)

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31
Q

Anatomy of Sperm

A

Head
Midpiece
Tail

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32
Q

Contains Genetic Material (DNA)

A

Head

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33
Q

Mitochondria of the sperm

A

Midpiece

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34
Q

Locomotor of the sperm

A

Tail

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35
Q

Begins when a oogonium that self renews and also yields a lineage whose cells differentiate

A

Oogenesis

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36
Q

Stem cells of ooctyes

A

Oogonium/Oogonia

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37
Q

As it grows:
Cytoplasm accumulates
DNA replicates
Becomes Primary Oocytes

A

Oogonium/Oogonia

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38
Q

Primary-Secondary Oocyte

A

Meiosis I

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39
Q

Production only occurs in fetus

Divides into 2 cells called First Polar Body

Each cell is haploid w/ 1 chromosome set and in replicated form

Meiosis is arrested in late PROPHASE I and resumes during puberty

A

Primary Oocyte

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40
Q

Secondary Oocyte-Ovum

A

Meiosis II

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41
Q

Divides unequally in meiosis II to produce another small polar body w/ unreplicated chromosomes

If it’s NOT fertilized by a sperm:
It will yield an ovum and tiny second polar body

Meiosis is arrested during METAPHSE II and resumes only after fertilzation

A

Secondary Oocyte

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42
Q

For the first 8 weeks

Rudiments of all body parts form

Begin when the fertilized ovum divides by mitosis

A

Prenatal Human: Embryo

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43
Q

9th week until birth

Structure grow and specialize

A

Prenatal Development After 8th week fetus

44
Q

Sperm’s chromosomes combine with an egg cell to form a fertilized egg

A

Zygote

45
Q

Within 12 hours of the sperm’s penetration, the ovum’s nuclear membrane disassembles, and the two sets of chromosones, called Pronuclei

A

Fertilization

46
Q

A biochemical process in which sperms can penetrate the ovum

A

Capacitation

47
Q

Release of acrosomal enzymes so the sperm can bind to the egg’s zona pellucida

A

Acrosomal Reaction

48
Q

Protective layer of egg cell

A

Zona Pellucida

49
Q

Frequent cell division of zygote

A

Cleavage

50
Q

A day after fertilization, zygote divides by mitosis

A

Embryo Cleaves and Implants

51
Q

Product of cleavage
2 Identical cells
Formed after 36 hours of fertilization

A

Blastomeres

52
Q

Formed when blastomeres form a solid ball of 16/ more cells

Formed after 72 hours of fertilization

A

Morula

53
Q

The ball of cells hollow out, and its center fills with fluid, creating a blastocyst

A

Blastocyst

54
Q

Continues developing, forming the embryo

A

Inner Cell Mass

55
Q

When blastocytes nestles into the uterine lining

A

Implantation

56
Q

Occurs after a week of fertilization

A

Implantation

57
Q

HCG that prevents means and sign of pregnancy

A

Trophoblast

58
Q

What is HCG

A

Secrete Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Hormone

59
Q

Forms between the inner cell mass and outer cells anchored to the uterine lining

A

Amniotic Cavity

60
Q

Cells that forms the primordial Embryo

Progressive switches off the expression of genes

A

Primary Germ Layers

61
Q

Layer nearest to amniotic cavity

A

Ectoderm

62
Q

Primary Germ Layers

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

63
Q

Middle layer of primary germ

A

Mesoderm

64
Q

Inner layer

Closer to the blastocyst activity

A

Endoderm

65
Q

Chorionic Villi forms

Mother’s and embryo’s blood system separate but nutrients and oxygen diffuse across the chorionic villi

A

3rd Week

66
Q

Placenta is fully formed

Umbilical cord forms

A

10th Week

67
Q

The yolk sac shrinks

Amniotic sac swells with fluid that cushions the embryo and maintains constand temp and pressure

Amniotic Fluid contains Fetal Urine and Few Fetal Cells

A

By the End of embryonic Period,

68
Q

Anatomical Seces appear after SRY gene is expressed in males

A

6th Week

69
Q

Ferus sucks its thumb, kicks, make fists, and faces

Has beginnings of teeth

Breathes amniotic fluid in and out

Urinates and defecates

First Trimester ENDS

A

12th Week

70
Q

Fetus has hair, eyebrows, lashes, nipples, and nails

A

17th Week (4th month)

71
Q

Vocal cords formed but makes no sound

A

18th week (5th month)

72
Q

Fetus curls into a head-to-knees positions

Weighs about 454 g (1 pound)

A

By the end of 5th month

73
Q

Skin appears wrinkled because there isn’t much fat beneath it

A

6th Month

74
Q

The fetus kicks, jabs, and even hiccups 23 cm (9 inches) long

A

By the end of 2nd Trimester

75
Q

Fetal brain cells rapidly link into networks as organs elaborate and grow

Digestive and Respiratory System matures last

A

Final Trimester

76
Q

Results when 2 sperm fertilize 2 oocytes

Can happen if ovulation occurs in 2 ovaries in the same mothn/ if 2 oocytes leave the same ovary and are both fertilized

A

Fraternal / Dizygotic Twins

77
Q

Descend from a single fertilized ovum and therefore genetically identical

Natural clones

A

Identical / Monozygotic Twins

78
Q

Time when genetic abnormalities, toxic subtstances, or viruses can alter a specific embryonic structure

A

Critical Period

79
Q

Extermely rare, progressive genetic disorder

Children age rapidly (starts from the 1st 2 yrs of their life)

A

Progeria

80
Q

Anything a person is exposed to during pregnancy that causes abnormalities

Cause congenital disorders

A

Teratogens

81
Q

Causes birth defects

Used to prevent seizures and symptoms of bipolar disorder

Rarely, it can cause NTDs, heart defects, hernias, and clubfoot

Woman ho have a gene variant (MTHFR C677T) can use other alternative drugs to treat seizures and bipolar

A

Valproic Acid

82
Q

Can cause intellectual impairment and poor social skills from prenatal exposure to the drug

Can cause poor self-control, difficulty processing info, and attention deficit in childhood

A

Cocaine

83
Q

Higher risk of language and memory problems and anxiety in adolescence

A

Cocaine

84
Q

CO prevents the fetus’ oxyhemoglobin binding

A

Cigarettes

85
Q

___ can be dangerous as well

A

Vaping

86
Q

Nicotine can cause:

A

Sudden infant death syndrome

Low birth weight

Hearing problems in childhood

87
Q

Has tetragenic effects

Used to treat Leprosy, AIDS and certain blood and bone marrow cancers

A

Thalidomide

88
Q

A rare congenital anomaly where the proximal aspect of an extremity is absent with the hand or foot attached directly to the trunk

A

Phocomelia

89
Q

Can cause behaviour poblems, communication challenges, abnormal cognition, hyperactivity, and short attention span

A

Alcohol

90
Q

More likely to have hearing and visual loss

A

Alcohol

91
Q

Caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy

A

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

92
Q

Most severe manifestation of alcohol exposure

Children have small heads and flat faces

Growth is slow before and after birth

Teens are short and have small heads

Many adults with FAS function at early grade-school level. They never develop social and communication skills and cannot undeaths the consequences of actions.

A

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

93
Q

Ingestion of large amounts of vitamins, drugs, etc

A

Nutrients

94
Q

Vitamin A

Causes spontaneous abortion and defdects of heart, NS, and face in expose embryo

A

Isotretinoin

95
Q

After birth, when the vitamin supply suddenly plummets, the baby may develop symptoms of vitamin C deficiency, such as bruising and becoming infected easily.

A

Excess Vitamin C

96
Q

Poor nutrition later in pregnancy affects the development of the placenta and can cause low birth weight, short stature, tooth decay, delayed secual development, and learning disabilities.

A

Malnutrition is

97
Q

Can cause microcephaly

have a spectrum of neurological problems, including difficulty with mobility, seizeuers, sleep problems, and poor hearing and vision

A

Zika Virus

98
Q

What is microcephaly

A

Small brain

99
Q

Higher risk for low birth weight, prematurity, and stillbirth if the woman’s health is failing

A

HIV

100
Q

Exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy caused cataracts, deafness, and heart defects

A

German Measles (Rubella)

101
Q

Means moving through the life cycle despite advertisements for products that promise to reverse the process

A

Aging

102
Q

Most dominantly inherited conditions start to affect health in early to middle adulthood

A

Adult-Onset Inherited Disease

103
Q

Syndromes that Resemles Accelerated Aging

A

Ataxia Telangiaectasia

Cockayne syndrome

Hutchinson Gillford progesria syndrome

104
Q

Most severe rapid again condition

Normal cells growing in culture divide about 50 times before dying.

A

Hutchison = Gillford Progeria

105
Q

Aging reflects gene activity plus a lifetime of environmental influences

A

Genes and Longetivity

106
Q

Families and genetically isolated populations with many aged members have a lucky collection of gene variants plus shred environmetal influences such as good nutrition, excellent health are, and devoted relatives

A

Genes and Longetivity

JDL (6 decks)

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