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JDL > Cytogen Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Cytogen Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Decides human genotype

A

Human Genome Project

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2
Q

Is a vast store of info encoded i nthe sequence of bldg. blocks of DNA

A

Human Genome

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3
Q

Affects our health and traits and holds clue to how we are biologically related to one another

A

Genetic Info

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4
Q

Study of inherited traints, rooted in DNA, and their variations and transmission

A

Genetics

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5
Q

Touches forensics, bioethics, psychology, and even history

A

Genetics

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6
Q

Considers how people are related and where their ancestors lived

Using and comparing info from DNA sequence and evidence such as docu, old photog, ,maps and fam stories and memories

A

Genetic Genealogy

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7
Q

Transmission of traits and biological info between generations

A

Heredity

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8
Q

range from obvious physical characteristics to many aspects of health (disease risk of developing disease)

A

Inherited traits

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9
Q

Functions as the units of heredity in that copies of genes are passed from 1 gen to next

A

Genes

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10
Q

Biochemical instructions that instructs cells for protein sysnthesis

A

Genes

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11
Q

Meaning of DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic AcidT

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12
Q

Transmit information in its sequence of 4 types of cells building blocks

Located in nucleus

A

DNA

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13
Q

4 Types of building blocks

A

Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine

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14
Q

Constitute a complete set if genetic instructions, characteristics of an org. including protein-encoding genes and other DNA sequence

A

Genome

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15
Q

Tiny slice of genome that encodes protein and is responsible for many aspects of health and our traits, including our differences

A

Exome

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16
Q

Only about 1 percent of the 3.2 billion building blocks of our genome specify proteins

A

Exome

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17
Q

Constitute the analyzing and comparing genomes

A

Genomics

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18
Q

Addresses concerns that arise from the use of new genetic technologies, privacy, and discrimination

A

Bioethics

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19
Q

Levels of Genetics and Genomics

A

Molecular Level
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Individuals
Familes
Population
Evolution of species

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20
Q

The “rails” or backbone is consisted of alternating chem groups

Double helix

A

DNA: Molecular Level

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21
Q

Alternating chem groups

A

Sugars
Phosphates
Nitrogenous Bases

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22
Q

Nitrogenous bases:

A

Adenine and Thymine
Cytosine and Guanine

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23
Q

The chemical structure of DNA gives the 2 key abilities that are essential for being the basis of life

A
  1. DNA can replicate itself when a cell divides
  2. DNA info accessed to manufacture specific proteins
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24
Q

Genetics info flows only in 1 direction from DNA -> RNA -> Protein

A

Central Dogma Theory

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25
Q

Chains of the double helix untwist and separate and each half builds a new partner chain from free DNA bases

Resulting daughter cells inherit identical copies of the genome during cell division

Chemical attractions (hydrogen bonds) hold the bases of a pair together

A

DNA Replication

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26
Q

Copies the sequence of part of one strand of DNA into related type of molecule -> mRNA which has uracil as base

A

Transcription/Gene Expression

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27
Q

Each 3 RNA bases in a row attract another type of RNA that functions as a connector, bringing a particular amino acid

A

Translation

28
Q

illustrates how a missing/abnormal protein causes the symptoms of an inherited disease

The funcitoning protein works like a selective doorway in cells lining the airways and certain other body parts, thickening secretions when it doesn’t work properly

A

Cystic Fibrosis

29
Q

Provide the traits associated with genes

30
Q

Meaning of CFTR

A

Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator

31
Q

A chane in a gene that can have an effect at the whole=person level

Once a gene mutates, the change passed on when the cell that contains it replicated its DNA and divides

32
Q

In CFTR

A

A change of a “C” in the DNA sequence at a specific location in the gene to a “T” inserts the amino acid aspartic acid rather than the amino acid glycine as the protein forms which blocks protein channels

33
Q

Same protein-encoding gene may vary slightly in DNA base seq from person-to-person

Gene variants

Changes in DNA sequence that distinguish alleles arise by mutation

34
Q

Threadlike structure located at nucleus

Group of DNA sequences of the human genome

A

Chromosomes

35
Q

Chromosomes consists of:

A

23 chromosomes (sex cells)
46 chromosomes (23 pairs) somatic

36
Q

22 out of 23 pairs of chromosomes that do not differ between sexes

37
Q

Displays the chromosomes pairs from largest to smallest

38
Q

A trait caused predominantly by a single gene

Most characteristics are complex traits

A

Mandelian Trait

39
Q

Determined by 1/more genes and env factors

Eg hair color

A

Complex Traits

40
Q

Approximately 30 trillion cells

All somatic cells execpt RBCs contain 2 copies of the genome

41
Q

Specialization of distinctive cells types

The use/experssion to diff subsets to genes to manufacture proteins drives differentiation

A

Differentiation

42
Q

Unspecialized

Can divide to yield another stem cell and a cell that differentiates

Provide a reserve supply of cells that enable an organ to grow and repair damage.

A

Stem Cells

43
Q

Groups of differentiated cells assemble and interact with each other to form aggregates calles

44
Q

Intertwine and later to form organs

45
Q

Refers to the underlyin DNA instructions

Allele Present

46
Q

Visible trait, biochemical change/effect on health

Alleles expressed

47
Q

2 types of Alleles

A

Dominant
Recessive

48
Q

Has an effect when present in just one copy (1 chromosome)

49
Q

Must be present on both chromosomes of a pair to be expressed

50
Q

Depict the members of a family

Indicate which individuals have particular inherited traits

A

Pedigrees/Pedigree Chart

51
Q

Group of individuals that can have healthy offspring together

Large collection of alleles of distinguised by their frequency

A

Population

52
Q

All alleles in a population

53
Q

Refers to the techniques, statistical analyses, and machine learning approaches that are used to compare DNA seq betweeen and among individuals

A

DNA Profiling

54
Q

Most often used in forensic science

A

DNA Profiling

55
Q

Can connect past to present, from determining family relationships to establishing geographic origins of specific populations

A

DNA Testing/Dna Analysis

56
Q

Sometimes confirms findins from anthropology and history and sometimes contradicts it

A

DNA Evidence

57
Q

Combining analysis of genetic diversity with reproductive technologies creates a way to rebuild populations that are headed toward species extinctions. This is the case for the northen white rhineceros of Africa

A

Conservation Genetics

58
Q

Determines specific DNA

DNA data are considered along with other types of information that can impact health, such as environmental exposures, exiercise, diet, lifesyle factros, family histories, and microbiomes

A

Precision Medicine

59
Q

Many microbes that live in and on the human body, collectively

A

Microbiome

60
Q

A precision medicine apporach consults DNA information to select drugs that are most likely to work and least likely to have side effects in a particular indi

A

Pharmacongenetics

61
Q

Aletering a gene or genome in a way that does not occur in nature

A

Genetic Modification

62
Q

Adds a gene from different species

A

Recombinant DNA technology

63
Q

More specific and powerful

Can replace, remove, or add specific genes into the cells of any organisims

A

Genome Editing

64
Q

Uses enzymes that cut both strands of DNA double helix at selected site

A

CRISPR-Cas9

65
Q

Determines the order of the DNA bases of all parts of genome that encode proteins

Valuable after more conventional diagnostics tests, such as tests for single gene disease and chromosomes abnormalitles, do not explain a person’s symptoms.

A

Exome Sequencing

66
Q

A field that describes much of the invisible living world by sequencing all of the DNA in a habitat such as soil, insect’s gut, garbage

A

Metagenomics

JDL (8 decks)

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