cvs mcq's Flashcards
1
Q
CV01 [Mar96] [Jul97] [Mar99] [Feb00] [Jul01] [Jul02] [Feb04] In a normal cardiac cycle:
A. RA systole precedes LA systole
B. RV ejection precedes LV ejection in expiration
C. RV contraction precedes LV contraction in inspiration
D. Pulmonary valve closes after aortic in inspiration
E. Pulmonary valve closes before aortic in expiration
A
a,b,d
2
Q
CV01b [Jul04] Physiological systole is defined as: A. AV open to AV Close B. MV close to MV open C. MV close to AV Close D. AV open to MV open
A
c
3
Q
Version 2: The ‘c’ wave in the JVP corresponds most closely with: A. Peak aortic flow B. Isovolumetric contraction C. Isovolumetric relaxation D. Closure of aortic valve E. Closure of mitral valve
A
b - beware, if asks for time u actually see it it may be a due to time delay
4
Q
CV03 [Mar96] [Mar99] [Feb04] In a normal heart at rest the LV end-systolic volume is: A. 10 to 30 ml B. 50 to 70 mls C. 120 to 150 ml D. ?80 - 100 ml
A
b
5
Q
CV03b [Mar97] [Jul00] [Apr01] Left ventricular end-diastolic volume is:
A. 10-30 mls
B. 30-50 mls
C. 50-70 mls
D. 70-120 mls
E. 120-150 mls
(Jul 00 & Apr 01 versions recalled as RV EDV rather than LV)
A
e
6
Q
CV04 [ad] [Jul98] [Jul01] In moderate exercise, the LV end-systolic volume is: A. 10 mls B. 30 mls C. 70 mls D. 120 mls E. 140 mls
A
b. but no increase SV in isometric exercise
7
Q
CV05 [Mar96] [Feb00] [Jul00] Effect of tilting table from flat to head up include:
A. Decreased activation of RAS
B. Changes to skin blood flow occur immediately
C. ?
D. ?
E. None of the above
A
b
8
Q
CV07 [ad] [Jul98] [Jul99] [Apr01] Changes with raised intracerebral pressure (ICP):
A. BP increase, HR decrease, RR decrease
B. BP increase, HR increase, RR decrease
C. BP decrease, HR increase, RR increase
D. BP increase, HR decrease, RR increase
E. No change in BP or HR
A
a
9
Q
CV08 [Mar96] [Jul97] [Mar98] [Apr01] With increased heart rate: (OR: “With moderate tachycardia:” A. Myocardial oxygen demand increases B. Ratio of systole to diastole increases C. Vascular filling is unchanged D. Prolonged AP E. Decrease in diastolic filling F. Decrease in coronary perfusion G. None of the above
A
a,b. not e, f cos of compensation
10
Q
CV10 [Mar96] Which circulation has predominant metabolic control? A. Renal B. Liver C. Lung D. Splanchnic
A
d
11
Q
CV10b [Mar02] [Jul02] [Jul03] Local metabolic control is most important in determining flow to: A. Skin B. Lung C. Skeletal muscle D. Kidney E. Liver
A
c
12
Q
CV11 [Mar96] Myocardial ischaemia in shock is due mainly to:
A. Decreased coronary artery pressure
B. Increased myocardial O2 demand
C. Decreased myocardial O2 supply
A
c
13
Q
CV12 [Mar97] [Mar99] [Jul99] [Jul03] The atrial component of ventricular filling A. 5% B. 10% C. 30% D. 50% E. 80%
A
c. less in young, more in elderly, heart disease and exercise
14
Q
CV14 [Mar97] [Jul98] [Mar99] [Feb00] In a 70 kg man 2 metres tall with right atrial pressure of 2 mmHg & aortic root pressure 100 mmHg, the pressure in the dorsum of the foot is: A. 0 mmHg B. 2 mmHg C. 5 mmHg D. 30 mmHg E. >50 mmHg
A
e if standing. 100 +80 or 20+ 80mmHg in artery, 90mmHg in venous when still,
15
Q
When moving from a supine to an erect position: A. Mean arterial pressure increases B. Skin perfusion immediately decreases C. Decreased renin-angiotensin II D. Cardiac output increases E. Increased ADH secretion F. TPR increases
A
f.
e and b too but slower.
CO decreases and SNS compensates
16
Q
Changes from supine to standing causes: A. Hypotension B. Adrenal gland activation C. ? D. ? E.
A
both true
17
Q
CV16 [Mar97] [Jul99] [Mar03] [Jul03] The lowest intrinsic discharge activity resides in the: A. SA node B. AV node C. Bundle branches D. Purkinje fibres E. Ventricular fibres
A
e. don’t discharge in health. purkinje fibres 15 - 40bpm
18
Q
March 2003 version: Slowest conduction (velocity) occurs in: A. Atrium B. AV Node C. Bundle of His D. Purkinje Fibres E. Ventricular muscle
A
b SA 0.5m/s atrial and vent muscle 1m/s AV 0.05m/s His and BB 2m/s purkinjie 4m/s
19
Q
The hepatic artery : portal vein blood flow ratio is: A. 1 : 10 B. 3 : 1 C. 2 : 1 D. 1 : 6 E. 1 : 3
A
em but 1:2 better as 500ml:1000ml
20
Q
CSF production & absorption:
{Diagram of CSF pressure versus flow with lines}
A. Unit for x-axis is mmCSF
B. A is shifted to A1 when paCO2 is 50mmHg
C. ?
D. B is shifted to B1 with hypothermia to 33°C
E. B is shifted to B1 with metabolic acidosis
A
a
absorption only determined by pressure and some drugs, not paCO2, temp, acidosis but these things will change flow, increased flow will inrease ICP slightly and so increase formation
21
Q
CV19 [Jul97] [Mar03] [Jul03] [Jul04] Which ONE of the following causes vasodilatation (?vasoconstriction): A. TXA2 B. Serotonin (5HT) C. Endothelin D. Neuropeptide Y E. Angiotensin II F. VIP
A
f
serotonin can dilate in some vascular beds but mainly constrictor
22
Q
CV19b [Feb00] Which of the following is not a vasodilator? A. cGRP B. VIP C. Neuropeptide Y D. Bradykinin E. Acetylcholine
A
c
23
Q
CV20 [Jul97] [Feb04] Which ONE of the following causes vasoconstriction: A. Serotonin B. Prostacyclin C. Neuropeptide Y D. Substance P E. Alkalaemia F. cGRP G. Oxytocin
A
a and c
24
Q
CV20b [Mar99] Which ONE of the following is true?
A. Neuropeptide Y secreted by vagus
B. CGRP present in afferent nerves
A
b
25
```
CV20c [Feb00] Each of the following cause vasoconstriction except:
A. Lying down
B. Bradykinin
C. Carotid occlusion
D. Hypovolaemia
E. Valsalva manoeuvre
```
b
| lying down vasoconstricts cerebral arteries
26
CV21 [Jul97] [Apr01] [Jul02] In running 100 metres, the increased oxygen requirements of tissues is met by:
A. Increased cardiac output
B. Increased 2,3DPG
C. Increased erythropoietin
D. Rise in CO2 partial pressure, activating peripheral chemoreceptors
E. Increased oxygen tension
F. Increased arterial CO2 partial pressure, leads to vasodilatation
a
b and c are slow
CO2 goes down if anything (it is lactate and pH that rise and right sift ODC)
27
```
CV22 [d] [Jul98] [Mar99] [Jul99] [Jul00] [Apr01] [Feb04] Which one of the following increases heart rate?
A. Bainbridge reflex
B. Carotid chemoreflex
C. Bezold-Jarisch reflex
D. Hering-Breuer reflex
E. Cushing reflex
F. Pulmonary chemoreflex
G. Stimulation of atrial stretch receptors
H. Stretching the atrium
I. Stretching the ventricle
```
a, g and h (all same thing)
D - pulmonary stretch/hering breur can cause tachy too but less correct
peripheral/carotid chemoreflex - vasoconstrict and brady but may be overridde by adrenaline
secretion leading to tachycardia
Central chemoreceptors cause tachpnoea, tachycardia
28
When lying supine, the pressure difference is greatest between:
C. Anterior tibial artery and vein
B. Pulmonary artery and vein
A. Femoral vein and right atrium
D. Renal afferent arteriole & renal vein
E. ?
a 90 - 10
other
pulm a to v 25 - 5
fem v to RA 6 - 2
renal aff to vein 60 - 4
29
```
CV24 [Jul97] [Mar98] Femoral vein pressure decreased most in standing person by:
A. Taking a step forward
B. Systemic arteriolar constriction
C. Systemic arteriolar vasdilatation
D. Apnoea
```
a
30
```
CV25 [Jul97] [Feb00] [Jul01] The highest oxygen extraction is found in the:
A. Carotid body
B. Heart
C. Kidney
D. Brain
```
b
31
```
CV25b [Mar03] [Jul03] In order of oxygen extraction from highest to lowest:
A. Heart > Brain > Kidney
B. Kidney > Brain > Heart
C. Kidney > Heart > Brain
D. Brain > Kidney > Heart
E. Heart > Kidney > Brain
```
a
32
CV25c [Feb06]
In a resting healthy adult, order of A-v oxygen difference from highest to lowest:
A. heart > liver > skeletal muscle > skin > kidney
B. heart > skeletal muscle > liver > kidney > skin
C. heart > liver > skeletal muscle > kidney > skin
D. liver > heart > skeletal muscle.
E. heart > skeletal muscle > liver > skin > kidneys (which is correct going by Ganong table 32-1)
e
33
CV26b [d] [Jul98] [Jul99] [Jul01] [Jul03] Feb12
Valsalva manoeuvre during the increased intrathoracic phase:
A. Right ventricular filling reduced in diastole
B. Blood pressure initially decreases
C. Vasoconstriction during phase II
D. Heart rate decreased
c
rv filling increases briefly then decreases
34
CV26 [Jul97] [Jul00] In the initial phase of the Valsalva manoeuvre:
A. Heart rate increases
B. Cardiac output increases
C. Venous return increases
D. Blood pressure increases transiently
E. Peripheral vascular resistance increases
d
| b true initially too
35
During increased intrathoracic pressure of a Valsalva manoeuvre
A. Diastolic filling of the right ventricle is decreased
B. Arterial baroreceptor activation produces bradycardia
C. Increased venous pressure augments cardiac output
D. Total peripheral resistance is decreased
E. Arterial blood pressure initially decreases
a
36
CV27 [Jul97] [Feb04] The LAST part of the heart to depolarise is:
A. Base of the left ventricle
B. Base of the right ventricle
C. The apex of the epicardium
D. The endocardium of the right ventricle
a
37
```
The fastest conduction velocity is found in:
A. SA node
B. Atrial muscle
C. AV-node
D. Bundle of His
E. Ventricular conduction system/Purkinje system
F. Ventricular muscle
G. Left bundle branches
H. Right bundle branches
```
e
38
```
CV30 [d] [Jul98] [Jul00] [Apr01] [Jul01] [Feb04] Isovolumetric contraction is closest to:
A. c wave
B. a wave
C. v wave
D. x descent
E. y descent
```
a
39
The Fick principle states that:
A. Oxygen uptake as gas is equal to the arterio-venous oxygen difference in flow through the lungs
B. Arterio-venous oxygen difference in the brain multiplied by flow equals oxygen uptake
C. ?
D. ?
E. None of the above
b
40
With a mixed venous oxygen content of 110ml/l and an arterial oxygen content of
150ml/l and oxygen uptake of 280ml/min cardiac output is
A. 5 litres/min
B. 6 litres/min
C. 7 litres/min
D. 8 litres/min
E. 9 litres/min
c
41
```
CV33b [] [Mar98] [Jul98] [Jul00] [Jul01] [Mar03] [Jul03] [Feb04] Blood flow at rest is most for:
A. Brain
B. Liver
C. Kidney
D. Heart
E. Skin
F. Skeletal muscle
```
b (c if ml/100g/min), b if % CO at rest
42
```
CV34 [Mar98] [Mar03] [Jul03] [Feb04] Oxygen consumption (in mls/100g/min) is highest for
A. Muscle
B. Brain
C. Kidney
D. Liver
E. Heart
```
e
43
Oxgen consumption for whole organs (ml/min):
```
A. Brain
B. Heart
C. Liver
D. Kidney
E. Skeletal muscle
F. Skin
```
c (but b if ml/min/100gm)
```
Liver 51.0
Skeletal Muscle 50.0
Brain 46.0
Heart 29.0
Kidneys 18.0
Skin 12.0
```
44
```
V34c [Apr01] During strong (?severe) exercise, oxygen consumption is greatest in:
A. Brain
B. Heart
C. Skeletal muscle
D. Liver
E. Kidney
F. Skin
```
c
45
```
CV35 [] [Mar98] [Jul98] [Jul99] [Mar02] [Jul02] The effects on plasma volume of 500 ml blood loss are neutralized within:
A. 1-2 hours
B. 8-10 hours
C. 24 hours
D. 1 week
E. 1 month
```
c
46
CV36 [Mar98] Venoconstriction occurs EXCEPT during:
A. Lying down
B. Valsalva manoeuvre
C. Carotid sinus compression
a and c
47
CV37 [Jul98] [Mar99] [Jul99] [Jul01] Coronary blood flow is:
A. Dominant in left coronary artery in 60% of people
B. Better supply to subendocardium in systole
C. Better supply to subendocardium in diastole
D. Better supply to left ventricle in systole
E. Left > right during systole
F. Supply to subepicardium > in LV than RV during systole
c (Left dom 20%, right dom 50%, equal 30%)
48
Blood flow in the left (?ventricle/?coronary artery) during systole
A. In less in subendocardium
B. Is less in the middle muscle layers (or: middle layer of ventricular wall)
C. Greater in right ventricle than left ventricle
a and c
49
Jul99 version:
Coarctation of the aorta:
A. Cardiac output is 1.5 times normal
B. Systemic vascular resistance is higher in the lower limbs as
compared to the upper limbs
C. Blood flow in all tissues will be normal
D. Arterial baroreceptors are inactive
E. Blood pressure the same at arm and leg
c
50
Compensatory mechanisms in a patient with coarctation of the (descending) thoracic aorta:
A. Lower sympathetic tone in the lower half of the body
B. Decreased total peripheral resistance
C. Increased BP in upper body
D. Reduced function of the baroreceptors
E. BP in lower limb is normal
c and e
51
```
CV40 [Mar99] During a cardiac cycle, the first part of the ventricles to contract is:
A. Apex of left ventricle
B. Base of left ventricle
C. Septum
D. Epicardium at base of left ventricle
E. ?Right ventricle ?
```
c
52
```
CV42 [Mar99] [Jul00] [Apr01] [Jul04] When the aortic valve closes, the pressure in the right ventricle is:
A. 0 mmHg
B. 15 mmHg
C. 30 mmHg
D. 50 mmHg
E. 120 mmHg
```
b
53
CV44 [Jul98] [Feb00] [Jul02] [Mar03] [Jul03] [Feb04] In a 70kg trained athlete at rest:
A. Cardiac output is 7 litres per minute
B. Left ventricular end-systolic volume is 60mls (?? OR: end-diastolic volume is ?60mls ?100mls)
C. Stroke volume is 70mls
D. Oxygen consumption is 350mls/min
E. A-v O2 extraction is 5mlsO2/100mls blood
e. same as normal person
54
CV46 [Mar99] During exercise, oxygen extraction is greatest in:
A. Brain
B. Heart
C. Skeletal muscle
c
55
```
With constant FIO2, CO and VO2, an increase in mixed venous O2 content would be seen with:
A. Hypothermia
B. Increased paCO2
C. Decreased 2,3 DPG
D. Alkalosis
E. None of the above
```
e.
Apply ficks and o2 flux
only answer would be increase Hb
hypothermia no change as says no change in O2 consumption
If question was about tension b correct as left ODC and sats same so pO2 greater
56
```
If CO constant and ODC unchanged, mixed venous oxygen tension is decreased in:
A. Cyanide toxicity
B. Anaemia
C. Hypothermia
D. Hypercarbia
E. ?
```
b - less content so greater extraction, so pvO2 less (paO2 same even if Hb 5)
57
```
resp
with constant O2 consumption and constant alveolar vent, mixed venous Oxyten tension increase with
a. alkalaemia
b. hypothermia
c decreased 2,3 DPG
d hypercarbia
e none
```
d - right shift ODC
58
July 2001 version (Q24 on this paper): Arterial baroreceptor afferents
A. Reach spinal cord via sympathetic nerves
B. Utilise glycine as a neurotransmitter
C. Primary synapse in C1 area of the medulla
D. Activate GABA inhibitory interneurons
E. Excite autonomic efferents in the anterolateral horn
d
transmitter is glutamate
C1 is in RVLM but not the primary synapse
59
CV50 [Jul00] [Feb04] In an average, healthy 70kg male with standing erect with mean arterial BP of 100mmHg:
A: Cerebral venous pressure is approximately 10mmHg
B: Mean arterial pressure at head level is 70mmHg
C: Venous pressure in foot is approximately ?70/?100mmHg
D. Cerebral perfusion pressure 70mmHg
d assuming ICP 10mmHg
cerebral venous pressure is zero or neg
MAP at head is 80mmHg
venous in foot 90mmHg
60
CV50b [Jul04] Which is true in the erect 70kg human (Similar to CV 50 but different values)
A. venous pressure in foot 70mmHg
B. Central venous pressure 10mmHg
C. MAP head 100 mmHg
none
61
CV51 [Jul00] [Jul01] [Feb04] During isovolumetric contraction of the ventricles:
A. Aortic blood flow is reversed
B. Coronary blood flow increases
C. The pulmonary valve is not yet shut
D. Aortic pressure is falling
E. When both ventricles reach the same pressure their respective outflow valves open
d
62
Isovolumetric contraction is associated with:
A. Immediate increase in heart rate due to cardiac sympathetics
(OR: Baroreceptor reflex decrease in heart rate)
B. Cardiac output increased/unchanged
C. Increased systolic BP and decreased diastolic BP
D. Does no work
E. Decrease stroke volume
d
work is only one form of energy
potential energy stored
63
CV52 [Apr01] [Jul03] [Feb04] Cerebral blood flow is increased by:
A. Decrease in CSF pressure of 5 mmHg
B An increase in MAP of …
C. Significantly increased by an increase of pCO2 of 5mmHg
D. Plasma glucose > 10 mmol/l
E. Increased regional (?OR global) neural activity (OR: Increased metabolic requirements)
c - 4% for every 1mmHg, so 20%
| e right if global
64
```
CV54 [Apr01] [Jul01] The volume of blood is greatest in:
A. Systemic Capillaries
B. Large veins
C. Small arteries
D. The liver
E. ?The lung
```
```
B
veins 67%
pulmonary 12%
heart 5%
capillaries 5%
aorta, arteries, arterioles 4%
```
65
CV55 [Apr01] Hydrostatic pressure increases in:
A. Arteriolar constriction
B. Venous constriction
C. Capillary dilatation
b
66
```
CV56 [Jul01] Configuration of an ECG recording:
A. 25 mm / sec, 0.5 mV /cm
B. 25 mm/sec, 1mV /cm
C. 50mm/sec 0.5 mV /cm
D. 50mm/sec 1mv / cm
E. none
```
b
67
CV57 [Jul01] During exercise in an untrained person, increased cardiac output is mainly due to:
A. Increased heart rate
B. Increased stroke volume
C. Increased venous return
a
68
CV58 [Mar02] Long term control of tissue blood flow includes:
A. Adenosine
B. Nitric oxide
C. Change in tissue vascularity
D. Oxygen tension at the precapillary sphincter
E. “something else also short term”
c
69
```
Cardiac muscle is different from skeletal muscle because:
A. Fast Na Channels
B. Slow Ca Channels
C. Presence of actin and myosin
D. Lower RMP
E. ?
```
b
70
Widened pulse pressure in all except:
A. More rapid ventricular ejection
B. Increased aortic compliance
C. Increased diastolic pressure
b,c
71
```
Alt version: All increase pulse pressure except
A. Increased TPR
B. Increased Stroke Volume
C. Increased LV dP/dT
D. Increased Diastolic pressure
E. Increased aortic compliance
```
d,e
72
CV62 [p] Adrenaline in VF arrest
A. Increases contractility
B. 'Coarsens' fine VF
C. improves coronary perfusion
c
73
CV63 [Jul03] In a young woman who loses 20% of her blood volume:
A. Decreased diastolic BP
B. Increased serum ADH
C. Increased pulmonary vascular resistance
D. Decreased cerebral blood flow
E. Increased urinary sodium concentration
b
74
CV64 [Feb04] In chronic anaemia:
A. Increased arterial-venous oxygen content difference
B. Increased venous pO2
C. Increased oxygen consumption
D. Decreased heart rate
E. Increase oxygen tension in mixed venous blood
a
75
```
CV66 [Mar 05] Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure wave form has:
A. a wave but no c or v waves
B. a and c waves but no v wave
C. a and v waves but no c wave
D. a, c and v waves
E. None of the above
```
d
76
```
CV67 [Mar 05] A decrease in stroke work is due to an increase in:
A. Contractility
B. Ejection fraction
C. Preload
D. Aortic compliance
E. Venous return
```
d
77
CV68 [Mar 05] Total peripheral resistance:
A. Is 17 times greater than pulmonary vascular resistance
B. Is mainly due to capillary beds
C. Can be determined from the arterial pulse pressure
D. Has units of dynes x sec x cm^-5
E. Can be calculated from MABP, CO and PAOP (alt version: PCWP)
d
78
ECG vs cardiac cycle
A. Isovolumetric contraction starts after QRS complex completed
B. T-wave starts with isovolumetric relaxation
C. QT interval from end of isovolumetric contraction to ???
D. ST segment begins at isovolumetric relaxation
E. P wave immediately before mitral valve opening
F. Peak of left atrial V wave corresponds to start of isovolumetric relaxation
none
79
CV70 [Jul06] The radial pressure wave differs form the aortic because
A. Systolic pressure lower
B. Diastolic pressure greater
C. Aortic mean pressure greater
D. Dicrotic notch more pronounced
E. Radial systolic pressure peaks earlier
b
80
```
CV71 [Feb06] A strange question on the main determinant of blood pressure in chronic hypertensives (or the abnormal control system in chornic hypertensives)? Can't recall options but they were something like:
A. Renin-angiotensin system
B. Renal-blood flow mechanism
C. Tubuloglomerular feedback
D. Glomerulotubular balance
E. Starling's forces
```
in chronic htn get ischemia which releases RAAS so ? a
81
```
Effect of ageing (normally):
A. pulse pressure widens
B. diastolic increases
C. increased aortic compliance
D. increased rate of ventricular filling in diastole
E. heart rate increases
```
a
82
```
V74 [Feb06] The organ most UNLIKELY to demonstrate an increase in blood flow in response to decreased capillary partial pressure of oxygen?
A. Liver
B. Skeletal muscle
C. Heart
D. Kidneys
E. Lung
```
e
83
```
CV76 [Feb06] Regarding blood flow in capillaries:
A. increases as diameter decreases
B. is a newtonian fluid
C. increases as viscosity decreases
D. something wrong
E. something wrong
```
c
84
CV77 [Feb06] Regarding pressure volume loop of heart:
A. contractility is demonstrated by end systolic point
B. afterload is determined by end diastolic volume
C. ventricular diastolic elastance curve is change in pressure / change in volume in diastole
D. end systolic pressure volume relationship gives guide of afterload
E. aortic valve closes at diastolic blood pressure
c
| aortic valve opens at diastolic bp
85
```
Effect of exercise:
A. systolic BP decreases
B. pulse pressure (?widens/?narrows)
C. diastolic BP decreases
D. diastolic pressure increases
```
b
sys increase
dias unchanged or fall
86
Blood flow in exercise
A. Decreased blood flow to splanchnic system
B. Increases to all skeletal muscle (it did say skeletal)
C. Increased systemic vascular resistance
D. Skin blood flow does not change.
E. Increased cerebral blood flow
a
87
```
A prolonged PR interval, ST segment flattening, and the appearance of a U-wave is consistent with: *new*
A. Hyperkalaemia.
B. Hypokalaemia.
C. ?Hypo- ?Hyper- magneseamia.
D. Hypocalcaemia.
E. None of the above
```
b
88
A. Aortic valve opening
B. Just after closure of mitral valve
C. Peak of atrial contraction
D. Start of isovolumetric contraction
d
89
```
V82 Feb12 All of the following are ion channels in the heart EXCEPT:
A. Inward rectifier K channels
B. Transient inward K channels
C. Delayed rectifier K channels
D. Ca channels
E. Na channels
```
b
90
Comparing the aorta and the radial artery
A. MAP higher in aorta
B. Dicrotic notch more pronounced in radial artery
C. Systolic pressure higher in aorta
D. Diastolic pressure higher in aorta
E. Faster systolic peak in radial
a and d
91
Effects of long term exercise:
A. Increased maximal heart rate
B. Increased stroke volume
C. Decreased muscle capillaries
D. Decrease muscle blood flow for the same level of work (? Maybe worded like this)
E. increased lactate production for same amount of work
b
92
Lead II of an ECG
| A. PR interval
b
| need right arm neg and left leg pos
93
Question about conductance of blood flow
A. is directly related to resistance
B. directly related to the diameter squared
C. same as pressure difference between arterial and venous system
D.
E. ??addition in parallel circuits to get total conductance??
e
to get resistance in paraellel at recips therfore to get conductance add non recips
