CVS - Hypertension & Antihypertensives Flashcards
Name one effect of ACE inhibitors?
Inhibits the conversion of Ang I to Ang II.
Name 3 clinical uses of ACE inhibitors?
Hypertension, heart failure, post-myocardial infarction
Name a common adverse effect of ACE inhibitors.
Dry cough.
How do the “sartans” class of antihypertensives work?
Block the action of Ang II on AT1 receptors.
What is the main difference between ACE inhibitors and AT1 blockers regarding their adverse effects?
Compared to ACE inhibitors, AT1 blockers has Less/no dry cough
Name 4 clinical uses of beta-blockers?
Hypertension, cardiac failure, post-myocardial infarction, anxiety disorders.
Name 3 adverse effects of beta-blockers.
Bradycardia, hypotension, reduced exercise capacity.
What is the mechanism of action of thiazide diuretics?
Inhibit Na+/Cl- cotransporter in distal convoluted tubule.
Name 4 clinical uses of thiazides?
Hypertension (preferred), congestive heart failure, nephrolithiasis due to idiopathic hypercalciuria, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
What are common adverse effects of thiazide diuretics?
Hypokalemia, hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, hyponatremia.
What is the MOA of Calcium channel blockers?
Inhibit L-type calcium channels, reducing intracellular calcium, leading to vasodilation.
What are clinical uses of Calcium channel blockers?
Hypertension, angina, arrhythmias, Raynaud’s phenomenon.
Name an adverse effect of Calcium channel blockers.
Peripheral edema, constipation, reflex tachycardia.
How do alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists lower blood pressure?
Block ?1-receptors, causing vasodilation.
What are the clinical uses of alpha blockers?
Hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Name an adverse effect of alpha blockers.
Postural hypotension, reflex tachycardia.
What is the MOA of centrally acting ?2 agonists?
Stimulate ?2 receptors in CNS, reducing sympathetic outflow.
What are the clinical uses of centrally acting ?2 agonists?
Hypertension, especially with renal disease.
Name an adverse effect of centrally acting ?2 agonists.
Sedation, dry mouth, rebound hypertension.
How do vasodilators like hydralazine work?
Directly relax arterial smooth muscle.
What are the clinical uses of hydralazine?
Hypertension, especially in pregnancy, heart failure.
Name an adverse effect of hydralazine.
Headache, tachycardia, fluid retention, lupus-like syndrome.
How do diuretics assist in blood pressure control?
Reduce blood volume and cardiac output.
What is the MOA of loop diuretics like furosemide?
Inhibit Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter in the loop of Henle.
What are clinical uses of loop diuretics?
Congestive heart failure, hypertension, edema.
Name an adverse effect of loop diuretics.
Electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, ototoxicity.
How do potassium-sparing diuretics work?
Block Na+ channels or aldosterone receptors in distal tubules and collecting ducts.
What are the clinical uses of potassium-sparing diuretics?
Hypertension, edema, in combination with thiazides or loop diuretics.