CVD - Stroke Flashcards
What are the two types of stroke
Hemorrhagic
Ischemic
Hemorrhagic stroke is when
Ruptured blood vessel
Arterial venous malformation
Ischemic stroke is when
Obstructed blood flow
Thrombosis or embolism
What is the impact of stroke
800,000 people have stroke each year (US)
3 in 4 being first time strokes
Every 4 mins someone dies of stroke
More women than men have strokes
African americans are more impacted by stroke
87% of strokes are ischemic
Atherosclerotic stroke is due to
Plaque
Blood clot (thrombosis)
Stop blood supply
Ischemia (lack of oxygen)
Necrosis (death of tissue)
Cardiogenic stroke is due to
Blood clot (embolism) from aorta to cerebral circulation
What are the problems associated with stroke
Neurologic complications
Right brain
Left brain
What problems are caused when stroke in right brain
Paralysis on left side
Vision problems
Quick, inquisitive behaviour style
Memory loss
What problems are caused when stroke in left brain
Paralysis on the right side of body
Speech/language problems
Slow, cautious behaviour
Memory loss
What are the common neurlogical problems associated with stroke
Chronic gait and balance deficit
Fall risk
Hyperreflexia, spasticity
Coordination difficulties
Pathological reflexes that change base of support at ankle
What are the common Neuropsychological and psychosocial problems associated with stroke
Cognitive deficits
Executive dysfunction - reduced attention, distractibility
Communication difficulties
Poor self efficacy
What is the exercise response in stroke patients
Overal functional capacity typically low
Peak oxygen uptake is decreased - below 50%
Higher submaximal HR
Exercise intensity with stroke involves
Medically supervised
Cycle or treadmill
Strength
Flexibility
Neuromuscular
Functional
Exercise programming with stroke involves
Safety first - fall risk, clearance and mobility
Initial and follow up assessments
Safety adaptive equipment
Individual choice and compliance
Slow warm up
Perceived exertion for intensity
Observe for signs of low BP and very high BP
What is the effect of exercise training on stroke
Increased aerobic capacity
Improved cardiovascular disease risk
Greater glucose tolerance
Higher brain blood flow and brain function
Greater muscle function (strength and endurance)
Better mobility
Better bone health
______ happens when the blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked and cause cardiac muscle cell death
Heart attack
Which of following describes general pathophysiology of chronic heart failure
Increase in preload
When blood pressure is high, _________ sense the mechanical changes of arteries, and send signal to _____; thus, it stimulates ______ to lower heart rate and overall blood pressure back to normal
Baroreceptors, brain, parasympathetic nervous system
Right sided heart failure occurs due to back-ups in the area that collects “used” blood.
True
The most common cause of chronic heart failure is physical inactivity
False
Cardiac output can be preserved in chronic heart failure
False
BNP is secreted by atria in response to high blood volume
False
Angiotensin II is converted from angiotensin I by ACE
True
Aldosterone is secreted from adrenal gland for water retention in collecting duct
True
Contractility of the heart can be increased from a direct sympathetic stimulation to the heart
True
Weakened heart muscle which cannot squeeze the ventricle well describes the typical characteristic of diastolic heart failure
False
Energy costs of walking are elevated 1.5 to 2 fold due to abnormal biomechanics in stroke patients
True
Heart rate should be used to detect the intensity of the exercise in stroke patients
False
Neurological problems, such as hyperreflexia and spasticity, are commonly observed in stroke patients
True
There will be paralysis on the right side of the body and speech problems if the stroke occurs on the right side of the brain
False
