Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CRRAB 1 > CV Pathology > Flashcards

CV Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Ischemic Heart Disease

A

leading cause of mortality and morbidity in developed world

>95% due to coronary atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Unstable plaque

A

risk of rupture with partial or complete lumen occlusion by aggregated platelets
- results in Acute Coronary Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

MI

A

complete thrombotic occlusion or hypotensive (hemorrhage) event
> 30 minutes of ischemia - myocardial death
-Transmural vs. non-transmural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Acute sequelae of MI

A

severe angina, acute CHF, dyspnea, dysrhthmia, death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Subacute sequelae of MI

A

mural thrombosis, embolism, LV rupture, valvular dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chronic sequelae of MI

A

LV aneurysm –> CHF, secondary RV CHF, post-cardiac syndrome (Dressler’s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hypertensive Heart Disease

A

Left Sided
- secondary to chronic hypertension (decades)
- causes concentric LVH
- increased risk of sudden death
Right Sided (cor pulmonale)
- due to chronically elevated pulmonary artery pressure (COPD), chronic hypoxia, pulmonary vasoconstriction, pulmonary vascular disease
- usually due to LV failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Valvular Disease

A

stenosis = obstruction with pressure overload
regurgitation = insufficiency with volume overload
principal finding = MURMUR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Developed countries valvular disease

A

calcific aortic stenosis and mitral valve prolapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Developing countries valvular disease

A

Rheumatic fever –> mitral stenosis

- group A strep pharyngitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Infective endocarditis

A

Normal valves - acute IE, staph aureus, rapid destruction
Damaged valves - subacute IE, strep viridans, slow destruction
- either can cause vegetations, regurgitatioins, embolism, murmur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Other valvular disease causes

A

RA, AS, aortic aneurysm or dissection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

intrinsic myocardial disease NOT caused by ischemia, valves, hypertensive, or structural disease
3 Types
- dilated, hypertrophic (100% genetic causation), restrictive
Ex.) myocarditis, drug effects, hemochromatosis, amyloidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pericardial disease

A
  1. Cardiac tamponade (increased fluid in pericardial sac compresses heart)
  2. Constrictive pericarditis (progressive pericardial space fibrosis)
    Causes: effusion or blood (hemopericardium is almost always fatal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Primary cardiac tumors

A

RARE

Atrial myxoma - LA, causes prolapse into obstruction of AV valves or embolization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Rhabdomyomas

A

children **TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cardiac Disease Symptoms

A 
Dyspnea (heart failure)
Chest discomfort/pain (ischemia)
Edema (heart failure)
Syncope (hypotension, arrhythmias, pump failure)
Fatigue (decreased CO)
Cyanosis (<85%, heart failure or shunts)

often overlap with respiratory diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Studies to evaluate chest pain/discomfort

A 
Pulse Oximetry (>95%)
EKG
CXR
Echo (LV Ejection Fraction)
Chest CT(PE)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Labs for chest pain/discomfort

A 
Troponin (KING) -- triaging
CK-MB - less specific than troponin
D-dimer - rule out a clot
Hemoglobin - anemia
BNP - heart failure
Arterial blood gases - hypoxia and COPD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Risk Factors of Athersclerosis

A 
Hyperlipidemia
Diabetes
Renal Disease
Smoking
HTN
Obesity
Diet
Inactivity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Acquired Heart Disease

A 
MAJOR cause of human mortality in developed countries
*CAD*
Acute myocadial infarction
- nonSTEMI
- STEMI - emergency --> get to cath lab
22
Q

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

A

caused by systemic/arterial hypertension
may cause sudden cardiac death
control of hypertension can reverse LVH

23
Q

Right Sided hypertensive disease

A

commonly secondary to L heart failure

  • cor pulmonale* - if due to COPD or pulmonary hypertension
  • chronic hypoxia can also lead to hypertension
24
Q

Valvular disease

A

stenosis - pressure overload
regurgitation - volume overload
know which is associated with which murmur

25
Q

Stenosis causes

A

Valvulitis - RF, SLE, RA

Calcific degenerative change, radiation

26
Q

Regurgitation causes

A

bacterial endocarditis (almost always regurg), myxomatous degeneration

27
Q

Left heart valves

A

COMMONEST source of clinically significant valve disease
Developed countries:
1. calcific aortic stenosis –> ECHO is key
2. mitral prolapse
Developing countries:
1. rheumatic fever –> group 1 strep pharyngitis
2. acquired stenosis of aortic or mitral

28
Q

Calcific Aortic Stenosis

A

commonest acquired valve disease in developed countries

  • age related atherosclerosis or aortic cusps with secondary calcification –> eventual LVH
  • LVH leads to decreased CO –> CHF
  • bicuspid aortic valve can lead to premature atherosclerosis*
29
Q

Mitral Prolapse

A

systolic click murmur syndrome

- myxomatous degeneration

30
Q

Infective Endocarditis

A

FEVER and MURMUR
Acute endo - staph, destructive, kills in days/weeks
Subacture endo - strep viridans, indolent, kills slowly
Infected Vegetations - regurg, septic emboli
Macroemboli - CNS, renal, GI, splenic
Microemboli - splinter hemorrhages, janeway, oslers, roths

31
Q

Staph aureus or strep viridans bacteremia

A

bacterial endocarditis until proven otherwise

32
Q

Complications of artificial heart valves

A
  1. Thromboembolism (need anticoagulation)
  2. Infective Endocarditits (staph)
  3. Structural deterioration (calcification and tearing)
  4. Intravascular hemolysis
33
Q

Valve disease diagnosis

A

Echocardiography

34
Q

Acute Aortic Regurgitation

A

urgent valve-replacement surgery

  • acute bacterial endocarditits
  • acutely dilated aortic root secondary to aortic dissection
35
Q

Acute Mitral Regurgitation

A

Acute pulmonary edema from suddenly elevated left atrial pressure causing increased pulmonary capillary pressure

  • papillary/chordal rupture following AMI
  • acute bacterial endocarditis
36
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

disease of the heart muscle that is EXCLUSIVE of secondary effects from HTN, CAD, MI, valvular disease

  • often a diagnosis of exclusion and idiopathic
  • increased risk of sudden death
37
Q

Primary vs. Secondary Cardiomyopathy

A

Primary - disease limited to the heart

Secondary - associated with systemic disorders

38
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

A

systolic LV dysfunction –> dilated ventricles (impaired contractility) –> symptoms of HF, 50% mortality in 2 years, young population (20-50)

39
Q

Dilated LA leads to increased risk of what?

A

Atrial fibrillation!!!

40
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

A

diastolic dysfunction –> thickened LV wall and reduced chamber size (sudden death in young athletes)

  • septum is asymmetrically thickened
  • impaired diastolic filling –> decreased CO and exercise intolerance
  • 100% genetically caused!!!!
41
Q

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

A

diastolic LV dysfunction with non-dilated, non-hypertrophic ventricles, impaired ventricular filling
- manifests as RHF
RARE subtype = arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy
- RV is replaced by fat

42
Q

Stress-induced cardiomyopathy

A

Takotsubo CM - transient systolic dysfunctioning due to “myocardial stunning” from stress-induced catecholamine surge (FEMALES)

43
Q

Iron Overload

A

hemochromatosis = accumulation of excess iron –> increased transferrin
- can induce myocyte toxicity

44
Q

Immune-mediated Myocarditis

A 
Rheumatic carditis following group A strep pharyngitis
Post-viral infection
SLE, polymyositis
drug hypersensitivity
heart transplant rejection
45
Q

Myocarditis

A

Acute heart failure within several weeks of VIRAL PRODOME
need ECHO and endomyocardial biopsy for diagnosis
- supportive treatment

46
Q

Pericarditis

A

4 disease categories

  1. Acute pericarditis (usually benign)
  2. pericardial effusion
  3. cardiac tamponade
  4. constrictive pericarditis
47
Q

Vascular Pathology

A
  1. Gradual lumen obstruction (atherosclerosis)
  2. Sudden lumen obstruction (emboli, thrombus)
  3. Aneurysm/dissection (larger vessels)
  4. Vasculitis (all vessels)
  5. Extrinsic vascular compression
48
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

COMMONEST vascular disease

- RF: male, age, familial tendency, hypercholesterolemia, HTN, diabetes, smoking

49
Q

Aortic Dissection

A

dissecting hemorrhage/hematoma within aortic wall
Type A - ascending aorta (MOST LETHAL)
Type B - descending aorta/aortic arch

50
Q

Aortic Dissection predisposing factors

A

HTN, CT disease (marfan’s)

CRRAB 1 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions