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CRRAB 1 > Anatomy and Development > Flashcards

Anatomy and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Developing Heart Tube

A

Sinus venosus –> primitive atrium –> primitive ventricle –> bulbus cordis –> truncus arteriosus
- heart tube bends to the R –> inflow becomes dorsal

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2
Q

Endocardial Cushions

A

Contributes to:

  • AV canals on R and L side
  • Tricuspid and Mitral Valve
  • Membranous portion of interventricular septum
  • Closure of primary intraatrial foramen
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3
Q

Bulbar and Truncal Ridges

A
  • neural crest mesenchyme
  • forms spiral aorticpulmonary septum that divides bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus into ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
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4
Q

Aortic Sac and Arches

A
  • aortic sac –> arch of aorta
  • 4th arch: L = aortic arch, R = subclavian artery
  • 6th arch: L proximal = L pulmonary, L distal = ductus arteriosus, R proximal = R pulmonary
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5
Q

Fetal Circulation

A
  • ductus venosus shunts blood from L umbilical vein directly to liver and inferior vena cava
  • blood from IVC –> foramen ovale –> L atrium
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6
Q

Postnatal Circulation

A

foramen ovale closes

  • increased blood flow to lungs = increased pressure in L atrium
  • decreased pressure in R atrium = no blood flow from placenta

Ductus arteriosus –> ligamentum arteriosum
- increased blood flow to lungs –> increased [O2] of blood

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7
Q

Left to Right Shunts

A

cyanosis several months or years after birth (tardive)

- ASD, VSD, patent ductus arteriosus

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8
Q

Right to Left Shunts

A

cyanosis early in postnatal life (3 T’s)

- Tetralogy of Fallot, Transposition of great arteries, Truncus arteriosus

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9
Q

Normal Heart Pressures

A

Pulmonary/Aortic = 1/6 ratio

- shunts: increased R ventricular or pulmonary pressure leads to fibrosis of lung

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10
Q

Stenosis and Atresia Definitions

A

Stenosis –> narrowing

Atresia –> failure to develop

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11
Q

Atrial Septal Defect

A

Left to right shunt, abnormal opening between atria
Results because of incorrect development of atria septum
- excessive resorption of primary septum (90%)
- incompetent foramen ovale due to hypoplastic growth (90%)
- inadequate development of primary septum (10%)
- sinus venosus defect (10%)

Can lead to

  • R ventricular failure
  • Paradoxical Embolism
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12
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect

A
  • Left to right shunt, abnormal opening between ventricles
  • Solitary: 90% involve membranous portion of ventricular septum
  • Cyanosis tardive in long-standing cases
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13
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A

Left to right shunt, directs blood from pulmonary artery to aorta, if persists, blood goes from aorta to pulmonary artery
Congential anomaly associated with maternal Rubella infection!
Machinery like murmur

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14
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Right to Left Shunt, cyanotic

  • VSD
  • Pulmonary stenosis
  • Overriding (large) aorta
  • R ventricular hypertrophy
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15
Q

Transposition of great arteries

A
  • Caused by straight division of bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus due to failure of normal spiraling
  • aorta originates from R ventricle, pulmonary artery originates from L ventricle
  • incompatible with life unless VSD and PDA also occur
  • occurs with diabetic mothers!
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16
Q

Truncus Arteriosus (persistent)

A
  • common aorticpulmonary outlet receiving blood from both ventricles
  • due to failure of bulbar and truncal ridges to develop
17
Q

Coarctation of Aorta

A
  • obstructive congenital heart defect caused by infolding of aorta near the ductus arteriosus
  • Hypertension in upper extremities with weak pulses and lower blood pressure in lower extremities
18
Q

Pulmonary stenosis and Atresia

A

defective development or aorticpulmonary septum

19
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

serous membrane on surface of lungs

20
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

lines walls of thoracic cavity

21
Q

Lungs and lobes

A

R: superior, middle, inferior
- oblique and horizontal fissure
L : superior, inferior, lingula
- oblique fissure

22
Q

RALS

A

Right lung –> pulmonary artery is Anterior to bronchi

Left lung –> pulmonary artery is Superior to bronchi

23
Q

Atelectasis

A

collapsed and airless state of all or part of the lung

24
Q

Pneumothorax

A

entry of air into pleural cavity

- pressure in the pleural cavity increases and the lung collapses

25
Q

Spontaneous pneumothorax

A

rupture of bleb of bulla on lung surface

- typically with patient who is young, tall, and thin

26
Q

Open pneumothorax

A

air flows easily in and out of open wound

27
Q

Tension pneumothorax

A

wound is covered by skin or tissure and the wound closes after inspiration, trapping air in pleural cavity

28
Q

3 esophageal constrictions

A
  1. Cricopharyngeus muscle
  2. Aorto-bronchial
  3. Esophageal Hiatus
29
Q

Esophageal Plexus

A

formed be vagus nerves and sympathetic nerves of T1-5

  • Parasympathetics (X) - increase parastalsis and glandular secretions
  • Sympathetics (T1-5) - inhibit parastalsis
30
Q

Achalasia

A

failure of smooth muscle fibers to relax –> no opening of sphincter

31
Q

Descending aorta

A

3 branches

  1. posterior intercostal
  2. bronchial
  3. esophageal
32
Q

Sympathetic Nerves in Thorax

A 
Greater Splanchnic (T5-9)
Lesser Splanchnic (T10-11)
Least Splanchnic (T12)
- all are preganglionic sympathetic fibers
33
Q

Branches of aorta

A

BCL
Brachiocephalic Trunk
Left Common Carotid
Left subclavian artery

CRRAB 1 (18 decks)

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