culture and the self 2

Question 1

expressive interdependence in latinx culture

Answer 1

latin america is considered to be interdependent but achieves interdependence by being emotionally expressive, as opposed to being emotionally restrained (like east asian cultures)

studies have shown that latinx cultures are in between american and japanese cultures on field dependence as well as attribution style, but have emotional expression on par with americans - the difference is that they express more socially engaging emotions than americans

Question 2

assertive interdependence in arabs

Answer 2

arabs promote interdependence through self assertion - studies suggest that arabs show holistic cognition similar to japanese but self assertion similar to americans

Question 3

emotional experience in USA vs Germany

Answer 3

both considered to be independent cultures, but Germans report less of a desire to avoid negative emotions - means that sympathy expressed with more of a focus on the negative, compared to Americans who tend to focus on the positive

Question 4

acculturation

Answer 4

process of learning and incorporating the values, beliefs, language, customs and mannerisms of the mainstream culture

Question 5

individual emotional acculturation study

Answer 5

study of emotional experience in immigrant women compared to us born women - found that the longer immigrants spent in the us, the more they fit american mainstream emotional norms

Question 6

generational emotional acculturation

Answer 6

study compared emotional fit between turks, turkish immigrants to belgium (1st and 2nd gen) and belgians - found that the more contact a generation had with belgian culture, the more emotional acculturation

Question 7

cultural frame switching

Answer 7

multicultural individual’s cognitive, emotional, and behavioural reactions are context specific - depends on which cultural identity is activated by the situation

Question 8

cultural frame switching in emotion

Answer 8

study looking at 2nd gen turkish immigrants in belgium - found that at work/school emotions were more consistent with belgian pattern whereas at home, emotions fit belgian and turkish patterns equally well - suggests that multicultural individuals flexibly shift behaviour to fit the culture that is most salient in a situation

Question 9

cultural frame shifting in self concept

Answer 9

study of euro-canadian and chinese born students - had people describe what they were like as a person and then analyzed how interdependent/collectivist their statement were + had them fill out a questionnaire assessing agreement with chinese cultural values

chinese students did the study in english or chinese (this was the manipulation) found that Chinese ps self descriptions were more characteristically chinese when answering in chinese as opposed to answering in english

Question 10

integration

Answer 10

participating in mainstream culture while still holding onto heritage identity

Question 11

assimilation

Answer 11

participating in mainstream culture and giving up heritage identity

Question 12

separation

Answer 12

holding onto heritage identity and avoiding mainstream culture

Question 13

marginalization

Answer 13

little interest in participating in mainstream or heritage culture

Question 14

what is the most common multicultural identity strategy

Answer 14

integration strategy - also becomes more common the longer a person lives in the mainstream culture

also the best for wellbeing - studies have shown it is associated with the best psychological and sociocultural adapatation

Question 15

how does separation affect wellbeing

Answer 15

it is the second best - associated with better psychological adjustment than assimilation - about the same sociological adaptation

Question 16

what are the worst strategies for multicultural identities

Answer 16

assimilation and marginalization (worst)