culture and identity 3 Flashcards
characteristics of traditional upper class
Scott
individual capital
Bourdieu
nouveau riche
Costa and Belk
characteristics of middle class
Lawler
characteristics of the working class
Sugarman
manual labour central to working class males identities
Willis
the new working class
Lockwood
working class demonization
Jones
the under class characteristics
Murray
changing social class-how people earn money vs how people spend money
Postmodernists
with enough work anyone can do anything-social class doesnt matter.meritocracy
Saunders
social class not singularly important-identity fragmented based on ethnicity,gender,social class and age
Bradley
biological determinism
Parsons
nurture of gender roles
Mead
family influence on gender roles
Oakley
the formal curriculum-gender differences in school
Skelton
the beauty myth
Wolf
the male gaze
Mulvey
changing aspirations of women 70s vs 90s
Sharpe
increased divorce rates
Gittins
feminisation of the work force
Webb et al
new man
Gershuny
crisis of masculinity
Mac An Ghaill
objectification of men in media
Rutherford
male and female values have merged
Wilkinson
sexuality is socially constructed
Weeks
new right-secularisation has created too much freedom of expression
Murray
the male gaze
Mulvey
control of sexuality is crucial to a stable and continual society-functionalist
Parsons
people have choice to embody any sexual identity they wish
Postmodernists
double standards between old men vs old women
Lambert
ageism and discrimination
Biggs
marxist view on age-old are a burden to society
Phillipson
third age
Laslett
youthful old age-postmodernism
Featherstone and Hepworth
youth culture is a coping mechanism
Eisenstadt
bricolage to resist consumer culture-marxist view on youth
Hebdige
skinheads use exaggeration on working class style to make working class culture more visible-marxism
Cohen
restricted youth
Smart
youth rebellion
Blackman
female empowerment-bedroom culture
McRobbie and Garber
subcultures should be called Neo Tribes
Bennet
Pick and Mix identities
Bauman and May
medical vs social model of disability
Shakespeare
Learned helplessness
Scott
capatalism emphasises the importance of work so disabilities become an economic burden
Finkelstein
interpretivists-impression management for the disabled
Goffman
African and Caribbean identities
Gilroy
Asian identities
Modood
British-muslim identities
Jackson
ethnicity impacts on the values held by people-influence of the family due to ethnicity
Francis and Archer
anti school subcultures created by ethnic minorities
Sewell
double conciousness
WEB Dubois
media and popular culture has a strong unifying experience for ethnic groups
Sewell
public vs home persona of ethnic minorities
Johal
diasphora creates new ethnic identities
Stuart Hall
ethnic identities are dynamic and changeable
Basit
nationalism creates a sense of national solidarity which helps society to function more effectively
Durkheim
nationalism has replaced religion in giving peoples lives meaning
Anderson
national identity is about learning and sharing tales from generation to generation
Stuart Hall
national curriculum vs hidden curriculum
Schudson
national identity is promoted and maintained by heritage tourism
Palmer
British nationality is becoming harder to define because of globalisation and multiculturalism
Stuart Hall
americanisation
Ritzer
importance of work
Gini
patterns of work-opposition,neutrality,extension
Parker
crtitique of Parker-women who work in the home dont have choice of pattern-they are always on call to deal with any domestic or emotional issues.women in paid work have more opportunity but will likely spend a lot of their free time doing housework.
Deem
lack of work leads to a lack of identity
Riach and Loretto
work is less satisfying due to it requiring less skill people turn to free time and leisure activities in order to find satisfaction and build identity
Willis
work and leisure are combined in postmodern society
Rojek
leisure time is now focused on consumption and identity building
Lury
globalised media creates a pressure to consume. Identity is created through engagement with these brands and the lifestyle image they offer
Strinati
individual aspects of social identity are becoming less important in a globalised society-people adopt different identities to meet the diversity in their lives.
Bradley
critique of consumption forming identity-opinions of consumers a largely ignored
Ang
critique of consumption forming identity-repressed consumers cannot use consumption to create identities due to no money,seduced consumers are people who can consume as much as they like
Bauman
critique of consumption forming identity-capatalism controls choices about leisure consumption so is harder to create unique identities
Clarke and Critcher
dominant culture
Gramsci/Althusser
folk culture
Redfield
commodity fetishism and false needs lead to capatalism-Neo Marxist
Frankfurt School
mass culture=standardised,inauthentic,undemanding and passive
Strinati
high culture
Haralambos and Holborn
low culture is a derogatory term to describe mass culture
Bourdieu
neo marxist redefine low culture as popular culture-it is active and chosen by the people
Stuart Hall
class divide in media is decreasing
Storey
local culture is becoming global due to globalisation
Giddens
globalisation is largely due to the influence of TNCs
Sklair
cultural homogeneity
Klein
globalisation leads to hybridity
Postmodernism
identities rests on the idea of marking out similiarities with and differences from others.
Lawler
functionalists:the nuclear family is key to primary socialisation.Parents shape kids personality so the family becomes a personality factory. kids imitate their same sex parent with reinforces societal roles and their place in the system.
Parsons
functionalists:school is society in miniature so is essential for secondary socialisation. It promotes consensus by teaching norms and values which will benefit the individual later on in life.
Durkheim
functionalists:workplaces are a place to exemplify the values instilled by the other agents of socialisation
Parsons
functionalists:media is beneficial and builds value consensus -it has three main functions:surveillance, transmission of social heritage,entertainment
Wright
marxists:the family socialises children into accepting certain roles which benefit the capatalist society
Zaretsky
marxists:schools are another ISAs(Althusser) which reproduces and legitimises ruling-class ideology and culture-hidden curriculum
Bowles and Gintis
marxists:false class conciousness of the workers benefits the capatalist society and benefits the economy.
Karl Marx
feminists:family is responsible for the socialisation of gender roles through:manipulation, canalisation, verbal appelations ,activities
Oakley
feminists: culture and media creates and perpetuate gender differences through socialisation,the media and norms and values. Representations of women push hegemonic gender roles.
Smith
criticism of structural approaches - theories overemphasise the passive nature of individuals
garfinkel
interpretivists:dramaturgical theory,impression management role distance
Goffman
interpretivists:looking glass self
Cooley
interpretivists:labelling and self-fulfilling prophecy-master label and deviant
Becker
postmodernism-meta narratives cant explain how society works, consumer culture,pick and mix.
Bauman,Baudrillard,Lyotard
