culture and identity 2 Flashcards
folk culture as traditional/pre-industrial.
culture:redfield
mass culture=industrial,standardised,passive.
culture:strinati
a divide is kept between high and low culture to keep the elite and the working class seperate
culture:bourdieu
high culture is the culture of the elite
culture:haralambos and holborn
mass culture should be called popular culture because it has been actively chosen
culture:stuart hall
TNCSs make cultural products which are becoming global
culture:sklair
division between high/low culture is decreasing
culture:storey
globalisation is leading to cultural homogeneity
culture:klein
local cultures becoming more global(global culture)
culture:giddens
culture=commodity fetishism,false needs and promotes capatalism
culture:frankfurt school(neo-marxism)
culture acts as social glue
culture:durkheim(functionalism)
culture promotes the patriarchy
culture:McRobbie/Ferguson(feminism)
Parsons(family),durkheim(education), wright(media)
socialisation:functionalist explanations
oakley(family),liberal feminism(employment),radical feminism(education),mulvey/butler(media)
socialisation:feminist explanations
zaretsky(family),Bowles and Gintis(education),marx(employment),Frankfurt school(media).
socialisation:marxist explanations
critique of structural approaches to socialisations-suggests people are too passive
socialisation:garfinkel
Dramaturgical theory-front stage/back stage/impression management.
socialisation:goffman(interpretivist)
the looking glass self
socialisation:cooley(interpretivist)
labelling/self-fulfilling phrophecies
socialisation:becker(interpretivist)
pick and mix identities
socialisation:bauman and may(postmodernist)
characteristics of traditional upper class(high culture,social closure,private education)
social class:scott
traditional working class(present time orientation,instant gratification,fatalism)
social class:sugarman
nouveau riche-celebrities/entrepeneurs/conspicous consumption
social class:costa and belk
underclass-values are what keep people poor
social class:murray
middle class charactersistics(value education,future orientated,cultural capital)
social class:lawler
new working class(popular culture,instrumental approach to work,individual)
social class:lockwood
working/underclass are demonised due to associated characteristics.
social class:jones
social class is becoming less important due to consumption
social class:bradley/pakulski and waters
biological determinism(female expressive,male instrumental/logical)
gender:parsons
socialisation through verbal appellations,manipulations,canalisation,activities.
gender:oakley
the beauty myth
gender:wolf
changing female values(70s vs 90s)
gender:sue sharpe (changing femininity)
feminisation of the workforce
gender:Webb at al(changing femininity)
the “new man”-males more domestic
gender:gershuny(changing masculinity)
male and female values have merged
gender:wilkinson(changing masculinity)
acceptability of sexuality is socially constructed
sexuality:weeks(stigmatised sexuality)
sexuality(female sexuality and LGBTQ) are seen as a threat to social order
sexuality:male gaze (feminism)and murray(stigmatised sexuality)
people can choose how to perform their sexualities in a wider range of ways
sexuality:postmodernism(stigmatised sexuality)
greater representation of sexuality in the media
sexuality:representation examples
elders usually presented as difficult/grumpy
age:biggs(stigmatised old age)
retirement is a “third age” with new opportunities
age:laslett(changing old age)
the elderly are looked down on because they do not contribute to the economy
age:philipson(stigmatised old age)
working class lads-resisting middle class education system
age:willis (youth subcultures)
its now easier for retirees to engage in more youthful culture
age:featherstone and hepworth (changing old age)
new wave girls(1990s) rejecting femininity
age:blackman(youth subcultures)
youth cultures as a transitional stage between youth and adulthood
age:parsons/eisenstadt(youth)
punks-bricolage-resisting capatalism
age:hebdige(youth subcultures)
paralympics and increased positive representation around disability as an identity
disability:representation in the media
labelling resulting in learned helplessness
disability:scott
African-Caribbean identities and the Windrush Generation as stigmatised in society
ethnicity:gilroy(stigmatised ethnicities)
disability is a social construct labelling individuals to prevent integration with society
disability:shakespeare
British Muslims-religion is important in shaping ethnic identities
ethnicity:jackson(religion)
families socialise home culture which shapes ethnic identities
ethnicity:Francis and Archer (family)
ethnic identities are merging to create hybrid identities(British Muslim,Black British etc)
ethnicity:Stuart Hall(Hybrid identities)
negotiated identities in the home/public
ethnicity:Basit/Johal(negotiated identity)
double consciousness
ethnicity:DuBois(negotiated identities)
national identity is important for social solidarity
nationality:Durkheim
family/peers pass on national stories to promote national identity
nationality:Stuart Hall
education provides national identity through the formal curriculum (british values/culture) and hidden curriculum(celebrating national events)
nationality:Schudson
media broadcasts national events(queens speech,royal weddings,and team GB events)
nationality:media broadcasting
opposition,neutrality,and extension patterns of work
production:Parker(for)
people define themselves by their work
production:Gini (for)
work is less fulfilling,people use leisure to construct their identity
production:Willis(against)
focusing just on paid work ignores the domestic labour done by women
production:deem(against)
shopping as a leisure pursuit/identity formation
production:lury(for)
postmodern-pick and mix identitites
production:Bauman and May(for)
repressed consumers have less choice
production:Bauman(against)
not truly choosing identity as choosing from a menu given by the powerful/corporations
production:Clarke and Clitcher(against)
cultural,social,economic capital
bourdieu
social class is no longer important-if you work hard enough you can achieve anything you want
saunders
identity is fragmented based on ethnicity,gender,social class and age.
bradley
