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Issues and Debates > Culture and Gender > Flashcards

Culture and Gender Flashcards

1
Q

What is ethnocentricism?

A

Ignoring differences between cultures

(Applies results from one culture to the rest)

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2
Q

What is androcentricism?

A

Only males

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3
Q

What is beta bias?

A

Ignore differences between men and women

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4
Q

What is gynocentricism?

A

Only females

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5
Q

What is alpha bias?

A

Exaggerate differences between men and women

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6
Q

What is emic?

A

Only in one culture or you study your own culture

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7
Q

What is etic?

A

Universal or study multiple cultures

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8
Q

What is imposed etic?

A

You think something is universal but it is not

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9
Q

Individualistic culture

A

Not bound by what the group dictates

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10
Q

Collectivist culture

A

Well-being of group defines the success and well-being of individual

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11
Q

How is Sherif etic?

A

Turkish studying in USA so will have interpreted findings with a more varied understanding of cultural differences

OTOH: interpreted findings with an individualistic outlook so may be ethnocentric and eurocentric

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12
Q

Why does Sherif have alpha bias?

A

Used male focused tasks in his study e.g. tug of war/competiton for pen knives

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13
Q

How does Sherif emphasise a individualistic culture?

A

USA tasks e.g. baseball, summer camp

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14
Q

Social

A

Milgram
Ethnocentric: Americans
Not universal: shocking people

Cohrs
Ethnocentric: Germany

We study culture in prejudice and obedience (and gender)
e.g. Sheridan and King, Kaplowitz and Al-Zahrani

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15
Q

How is Baddeley ethnocentric?

A

Only UK

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16
Q

How does Baddeley prevent androcentricism/gynocentricism?

A

Uses both males and females in his study

17
Q

How does Baddeley have imposed etic?

A

Expects MSM to be universal

OTOH: Hernandez-Gill found spanish people have a smaller capacity

18
Q

Cognitive

A

Schemas may differ between cultures and genders and so will impact memory

Mostly we expect cognitive to be fairly universal

19
Q

Why could Raine be considered to be androcentric?

A

Mostly males with some females BUT this represents the spread in society

20
Q

Why is Raine ethnocentric?

A

All American

21
Q

Why might Raine have cultural issues?

A

NGRI might be a cultural construct so is not seen in other cultures

OTOH: procedure should be universal e.g. using brain scans

22
Q

Biological

A

Alpha bias - evolution, hormone, psychodynamic

23
Q

Why might there be no cultural issues with Watson and Rayner?

A

Procedure of classical conditioning = universal

24
Q

How are Watson & Rayner androcentric?

A

Used a male sample

25
Q

How do Watson & Rayner have beta bias?

A

Assumes women learn phobias the same as males

26
Q

Learning

A

Bandura - males and females, looked for differences (not guilty of biases), American, universal procedure

Becker - Fijian girls (but that is the point of the study)

27
Q

Why might Rosenhan’s results raise cultural issues?

A

Collectivist cultures different to individualistic

28
Q

How is Rosenhan ethnocentric?

A

Use of DSM system

Only in USA (1970s)

29
Q

How is there no gender issues with Rosenhan?

A

Males and females used in both samples and pseudopatients

30
Q

Clinical

A

Carlsson: males and females

Brown: gynocentric - represents depression statistics

Williams: gynocentric (few males)

31
Q

How is Ainsworth ethnocentric?

A

American bias (in terms of types of attachment)

32
Q

How is EMB high in alpha bias?

A

Brains are more masculined so males are more likely to be systemisers

e.g. less connected corpus callosum, more lateralised

33
Q

How are Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenburg etic?

A

Meta-analysis of 32 strange situation studies from 8 cultures

OTOH: over half were USA (18)

Issues and Debates (10 decks)

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