Culture and Gender Flashcards
Have psychologists addressed or ignored the possible existence of cultural differences in social psychology?
In social psychology, we have acknowledged the existence of cultural differences:
Prejudice: Social norms and stereotypes
Obedience is different to an individual dependant on their society and their social norms (Women showed more moral strain)
Have psychologists addressed or ignored the possible existence of cultural differences in cognitive psychology?
Case studies show a differences between cultures and genders
Reconstructive memory and schemas depend on what information people get from their societies
Have psychologists ignored or addressed the possible existence of cultural differences in biological psychology?
Adoption studies: kids were placed in homes of a similar culture to their own
Have psychologists ignored or addressed the possible existence of cultural differences in learning theories?
Vicarious reward and punishment: seeing how other people are treated in your society and wishing to avoid that from happening (operant conditioning)
Principle of reinforcement patterns in various cultures determine what is learned.
Have psychologists ignored or addressed the possible existence of cultural differences in clinical psychology?
DSM-5 and ICD-10 are suited for all backgrounds
Clinical interviews suited to each culture and gender
Abnormal behaviour is defined differently in each culture
Recent DSM-5 aims to harmonise differences and takes an integrative approach with more culturally-sensitivity e.g. panic attack symptoms
Cross-cultural methods aid clinician into the understanding of cultural factors that they have to take into account
The definition of ‘mental illness’ is determined by society.
Existence of culturally specific disorders that challenge the medical model
Have psychologists ignored or addressed the possible existence of cultural differences in criminological psychology?
Laws and criminal behaviour are different in each society
Schemas are used in memory for eye witness testimonies so only familiar information will fill in the gaps
Have psychologists been biassed in how they approached cultural differences in social psychology?
There may be some bias in how they approached cultural differences
Social psychology theories explain behaviour as due to social circumstances and forces that are not mediated by gender
Kilham and Mann (1984) found women to be more compliant but argued as a result of methodological bias
Cross-cultural obedience research is not methodologically comparable
Have psychologists been biassed in how they approached cultural differences in cognitive psychology?
Bartlett’s war of ghost story - as it is culturally unfamiliar, people change it to what they know and understand
Sebastien and Hernandez-Gil found differences in digit span length amongst English and Spanish speakers → how memory is reconstructed is based on cultural differences or gender stereotypes
Have psychologists been biased in how they approached cultural differences in biological psychology?
Li et al. took a place in China amongst Chinese men
Have psychologists been biassed in how they approached cultural differences in learning theories?
Learning Theories are based on nurture, and so can be said to primarily focus on the idea that cultures have different experiences that affect development
Have psychologists been biassed in how they approached cultural differences in clinical psychology?
Definition of abnormal behaviour and classification of such behaviour is culturally determined.
Culturally specific disorders and differences in diagnostic criteria in American DMS and European ICD means diagnostic determined on their cultures
Conflict between patient and researcher over cultural values could mean these conclusions lack validity
Have psychologists addressed or ignored the possible existence of gender differences in social psychology?
Obedience found not to be influenced by gender (Milgram). However, there are cultural differences (collectivistic versus individualistic) in obedience
Have psychologists addressed or ignored the possible existence of gender differences in cognitive psychology?
Sebastien and Hernandez-Gil found differences in digit span length amongst English and Spanish speakers → how memory is reconstructed is based on cultural differences or gender stereotypes
Have psychologists addressed or ignored the possible existence of gender differences in biological psychology?
Hormonal differences between male and female (dependant on their gender) possibly affecting behaviour e.g. aggression (due to increased testosterone)
Have psychologists addressed or ignored the possible existence of gender differences in learning theories?
Gender appropriate behaviour is dictated by reinforcement and imitation → Gender inappropriate behaviour shall be punished
Social Learning Theory: Learn from role models within your own cultures e.g. Bandura’s bobo doll study → girls are more likely to copy women, and the same for boys and men
