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AS WJEC Sociology > Culture > Flashcards

Culture Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do we define culture (4)

A
  • term used to describe way of life of groups of people
  • refers to the way they’re expected to behave, what they believe and how they behave
  • all individuals are part of a culture
  • culture differs from society and tends to create society
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2
Q

What is material culture

A

Physical things people create and attach emotional meaning to such as clothes, food and can be symbols of something important e.g football jerseys

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3
Q

What is non material culture

A

Ideas that people share such as rules, traditions, language and history

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4
Q

What are social constructions in culture (3)

A
  • Any idea created and given special meaning by people e.g motherhood
  • differ from culture to culture
  • exists only in our minds
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5
Q

Difference between collectivist cultures and individualist cultures

A
  • collectivist cultures emphasize belonging to the group e.g Japan, China
  • individualist cultures emphasize personal freedom and personal gain e.g Europe, USA
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6
Q

What is social control (3)

A
  • the rules created and followed by most in the culture
  • people who don’t follow social rules can be seen as not fully a member of the culture
  • may experience punishment known as sanctions while those who follow will be admired
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7
Q

What is the difference between Formal control and informal control

A
  • Formal control: instructions in society exists to force people to behave so is linked to concept of power such as police and legal system
  • Informal control: people are taught what their culture believes is correct when they’re young they may not challenge beliefs acts as a conscience and people who break known as deviants
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8
Q

What do nativists believe

A
  • Many of our personality traits are inherited and are genetic e.g Williams syndrome is linked to high levels of sociability
  • Hard position regarding genetics
  • used to justify oppression of women and extreme racist opinions
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9
Q

What are the other nature theories

A
  • less extreme than nativism still believe biology as main prompt for personality e.g phrase ‘boys will be boys’
  • people governed by instinct with patterns of behavior
  • intelligent parents have more intelligent children not strong argument as smarter parents may bring up children to be smarter
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10
Q

What are biological imperatives

A
  • all animals have certain biological imperatives to survive and reproduce e.g eating and sleeping
  • Nature theories suggest humans are ruled by biological imperatives
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11
Q

What is nurture theory

A
  • society and culture override genetics and instinct e.g what humans eat differs across culture as historically South Koreans and Hawaiian people bred dogs for human consumption
  • humans must learn their culture from others through socialization
  • learning culture makes us human
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12
Q

What are feral children

A
  • one of strongest arguments for nurture theory
  • cases of children who have been deprived of human society
  • nature theory suggests they should act in a human fashion out of instinct however most of the time they end seriously damaged not acquiring things such as speech
  • e.g Oxana Malaya dog girl from Ukraine didn’t learn language and acted like a dog
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13
Q

Who defined socialization and how did he define it

A
  • Talcott Parsons
  • socialization is the process of people learning their culture norms and values
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14
Q

What did Parsons say was the three stages of socialization

A
  • Primary socialization: Immediate family at home adopts beliefs and values of the family
  • Secondary socialization: learns of wider society generally outside home things such as education, peer groups
  • Tertiary socialization: Adult socialization adapting to new things such as becoming a parent
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15
Q

What are the 2 elements of socialization

A
  • formal socialization: where people are deliberately and consciously manipulated to ensure they learn to follow certain rules
  • informal socialization: learn to fit into society by watching and learning from others around them
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16
Q

What is an agent of socialization

A
  • any social group or organization that passes on cultural norms or values
  • learn the expected rules of society
17
Q

What are the aims of family socialization

A
  • deliberately teaching children how to become functioning members of society
  • pass on skills such as:
  • ability to swim or read
  • desire to achieve ambitions
  • avoid danger recognize threats
  • learn social roles to support them in adulthood
  • ability to think about others and interact with others
18
Q

What is Habitus and who coined the term

A
  • Bourdieu French Marxist claimed that because members of family tend to belong to same social background and ethnic groups
  • learn set of behaviors that mark them out from others
  • he calls this a habitus our habitus is therefore the situation which feel comfortable
19
Q

How do families pass on culture

A
  • arguably most important agent of socialization
  • learn basic rules of society
  • first and most important agent
  • parents pass on social rules and norms through:
    1. Protect child from social disapproval taught good manners, body hygiene
    2. Teaching of traditions and rules of culture
    3. Sanctions through Praise or punishment
    4. Imitation of people at home who become role models
20
Q

How do adults socialize through family

A
  • Parons believes marriage performs vital role in stabilizing adults personality
  • believes male have instrumental role (money) women have expressive role (emotional support) this is a controversial theory
21
Q

How do people socialize through peer groups

A
  • made up of people around the same age and status
  • not always friends can be classmates or bullies
  • very influencial especially in teenager years
  • young people develop group norms and behaviors differs from family ones
  • peer pressure is when people modify their behavior in order to fit in
22
Q

How do people socialize through education

A
  • very powerful agent
  • all sociologist agree that education socializes children and prepares them for the world of work
  • formal curriculum: knowledge of culture to children taught in class French Marxist Althusser said that education exists to teach children that an unfair society is perfectly acceptable
  • hidden curriculum: no fully agreed definition General opinion is that it is a set of beliefs taught unintentionally by schools e.g rules, uniforms
23
Q

How do people socialize through religion

A
  • beliefs such as monogamy and marriage comes from religion
  • Durkheim collective conscience claims that it is impossible to have any social life without a set of socially accepted and shared values and norms
  • parental faith: children belief affected profoundly by parents beliefs many religious practices such as Christmas will be seen as normal by the child
24
Q

How does the media affect socialization

A
  • extremely powerful agent claimed link between violence and media as early as 1960s Albert bandura claimed a direct link between violence in media and violent play for children
  • copycat behavior: Bandura claims children model their behavior on role models in media
  • hypodermic syringe method: Marxist belief that media is inescapable and acts as a drug injected into a persons mind affecting their beliefs
25
Q

How do people socialize through work

A
  • important in adult life to adapt to demands of working world
  • can be done through formal training but is often informal by interacting with co workers
  • canteen culture: generally used to describe police but can be true in all jobs learning how to act in certain situations and what way to behave in work from other coworkers
  • McDonaldisation: how workers now especially in fast food restaurants are trained not to take the initiative as not to break the expectations of predicable workers for customers
26
Q

How do we gain gender identity through socialization

A
  • one of the most important identity’s we have is our gender
  • biological sex carries a set of cultural expectations known as gender roles
  • from brith it affects what clothes you wear as well as many other things
  • Farley pointed out western culture expected men and women to be
27
Q

How does family affect gender identity

A
  • Ann Oakley described process of gender socialisation and claimed children learned the expected behaviour of their gender through the following processes
  • Manipulation: parents encourage behaviour that is normal for the gender and discourage inappropriate behaviour e.g “boys don’t cry”
  • Canalisation: channeled into appropriate activities
  • Verbal appellation: girls called ‘angel’ boys called ‘little monster’
  • different activities: boys play sports while girls take dance
28
Q

How does media affect gender identity

A
  • Judith Butler points out media stereotypes gender roles is so powerful it is difficult to avoid gendered socialization
  • Naomi Wolf complained that celebrity “perfect body image” was a means to control and exploit women

AS WJEC Sociology (3 decks)

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