cultural variations of attachemnt

Question 1

Why did Van Ijendoorn & Kroonenberg conduct their study?

Answer 1

To look at the proportions of attachment styles accross a range of countries to assess cultural variation
And look at variations within cultures

Question 2

What was Van Ijenzoorrn & Kroogneberg research procedure ?

Answer 2

-located 32 studies of attachment where the strange situation had been used to investigate proportions of babies with different attachment types
- conducted in 8 countries - 15 in the USA
- the data from study was met analysed

Question 3

Findings of VanIjerdoon & Kroonenberg

Answer 3

Secure> most common in all countries
Lowest = china 50%
Highest= Uk 75%

Insecure-resistant> most common in israel (29%)
least = Uk (3%)

Insecure- avoidant > most common in Germany (35%)
least= japan (5%)

Question 4

One strength of Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg?

Answer 4

-Studies conducted by Indigenous psychologists
-Indigenous psychologists are those from the same cultural background
- included research from German team (Grossmann) & Takhashi ( Japanese)
-many problems with cross- cultural avoided such as misunderstanding of language or difficulty communicating instructions to P’s or bias
-validity increase

Question 5

Limitation of cross cultural research - confound variables

Answer 5

• Studies conducted in different countries are not usually matched for methodology
  when they are compared in reviews
• sample characteristics such as poverty ,social class can confound results
  -environmental variables might also differ between studies e.g size of room, toys available etc
  -may not tell us anything

Question 6

Limitation of cross cultural research- imposed etic

Answer 6

• trying to impose a test designed for one cultural context to another context
• e.g strange situation and babies response on reunion with caregiver
  Britain & USA- lack of affection = avoidant
  Germany- behaviour interpreted as independent rather than insecurity
• behaviour measured= different meanings in different cultures

Question 7

Outline procedure & findings of Takahashi study

Answer 7

-Replicated the strange situation with 60 japanese infants & mothers
- 0% insecure-avoidant
-68% secure
- 32% insecure resistant
Showed distinct cultural differences

Question 8

What did they find about variations within cultures?

Answer 8

variations within cultures 1.5 greater than variations between