*Cultural Variations In Attachment Flashcards

1
Q

What was the aim of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study?

A

To look at amounts of secure, secure-avoidant, and secure-resistant attachments across countries

The study also examined differences within the same countries.

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2
Q

How many studies did the researchers find for their meta-analysis?

A

32 studies

These studies were conducted in 8 countries.

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3
Q

What was the total number of children involved in the studies analyzed?

A

1,990 children

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4
Q

What was the most common type of attachment found across all countries?

A

Secure attachments

The proportions varied, with 75% in Britain and 50% in China.

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5
Q

What were the rates of insecure-resistant attachment in individualist cultures compared to collectivist cultures?

A

Under 14% in individualist cultures; above 25% in collectivist cultures.

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6
Q

How much greater were variations in attachment results within the same country compared to those between countries?

A

150% greater

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7
Q

In the US, what was the range of securely attached children found in different studies?

A

46% to as high as 90%

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8
Q

What is the difference between ‘emic’ and ‘etic’ in cross-cultural studies?

A

‘Emic’ refers to cultural uniqueness; ‘Etic’ refers to cross-cultural universality.

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9
Q

What does ‘imposed etic’ refer to?

A

Assuming a technique that works in one culture will work in another.

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10
Q

How are children labeled differently in Britain and Germany based on their behavior during reunion?

A

In Britain, labeled as ‘avoidant’; in Germany, labeled as ‘independent’.

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11
Q

What did Bowlby explain about attachment findings?

A

Attachment is innate and universal.

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12
Q

What did Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg attribute to the similarity in attachment findings across cultures?

A

Global media showing how parent and child relationships should be.

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13
Q

What are some confounding variables that can affect attachment study results?

A
  • Poverty
  • Social class
  • Urban/rural makeup
  • Age of participants
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14
Q

What effect can the size of the room and amount of toys have on attachment findings?

A

May affect how babies explore and their proximity-seeking behavior.

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15
Q

What percentage of insecure avoidant attachment was found in Germany?

A

Roughly 16-17%

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16
Q

What were the findings of Simonelli et al (2014) regarding attachment types?

A

50% secure, 36% insecure-avoidant.

17
Q

What influences did Simonelli et al (2014) attribute to their findings?

A

Many mothers of young babies work long hours and use childcare.

18
Q

What did Kyoung Jin et al (2012) find in their study using the strange situation?

A

Most children had secure attachments; most insecure children were insecure-resistant.

19
Q

How do Japan and Korea compare in child-rearing styles?

A

They have similar child-rearing styles.

20
Q

What conclusion can be drawn about attachment across all cultures?

A

Most children have secure attachments.

21
Q

What supports Bowlby’s theory regarding attachment?

A

The finding that attachment is innate.

22
Q

What is a strength of cultural variation studies?

A

Most studies conducted by indigenous researchers.

23
Q

Why is it beneficial for researchers to be indigenous to the culture they study?

A

It avoids bias, misinterpretation, and judgment.

24
Q

What limitations exist in cultural variation studies?

A
  • Not all research is conducted by indigenous researchers
  • Potential misinterpretation of language
  • Participants may misunderstand instructions