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Microbiology 210 > Cultivation, Reproduction And Growth Of Bacteria > Flashcards

Cultivation, Reproduction And Growth Of Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Growth of bacteria is represented by

A

Increase in number of cells rather than size

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2
Q

Requirements for growth

A

Nutritional and physical

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3
Q

Nutritional Requirements for growth

A 
Energy and carbon source
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Phosphorus
Potassium magnesium and calcium
Trace elements
Organic growth factors 
Water
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4
Q

Phototrophs and chemotrophs

A

Use solar energy as source of energy

Oxidize chemical compounds for energy

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5
Q

All organisms require a ____ source as it is the structural basis of biochemicals

A

Carbon

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6
Q

Heterotrophs and autotrophs

A

Use an organic carbon source

Use CO2 as a carbon source

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7
Q

Four nutritional classes of microorganisms

A

Chemoautotrophs (chemolithoautotrophs)

Chemoheterotrophs

Photoautotrophs

Phtoheterotrophs

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8
Q

Nitrogen is needed for_____

Obtained:

A

Protein and nucleic acid synthesis

Obtained via decomposition of proteins or from NH4+ or NO3-

Some bacteria can fix nitrogen

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9
Q

Sulfa is needed to

Sources

A

Synthesize sulfur contained amino acids and vitamins (thiamine and biotin)

Sources: sulfate ions, hydrogen sulfide, amino acids

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10
Q

Phosphorous is needed

Source

A

For synthesis of nucleic acids, phospholipids and ATP

Phosphate ions

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11
Q

Potassium, Magnesium and calcium function as

A

Cofactors for enzymes

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12
Q

Trace elements

A

Required in small amounts and essential for enzyme activity and act as cofactors usually.

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13
Q

Organic Growth Factors (definition)

A

Organic compounds essential for the growth of bacterium that cannot be manufactured by the bacterium; must be obtained from the environment

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14
Q

Organic growth factors

A

Vitamins - (coenzymes) either manufactured or obtained via environment

Amino Acids - needed for protein synthesis

Purines and pyrimidines - needed for nuclei acid synthesis

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15
Q

Water

A

Nutrients must be in solution with water to be used

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16
Q

Physical conditions required for growth

A

Temperature
Gaseous atmosphere
pH (Acidity or alkalinity)
Other (osmotic pressure, salinity, light, hydrostatic pressure)

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17
Q

Temperature as a condition for growth

A

Affects growth, reaction rates and amount of growth. Most bacteria grow within a limited range of temperature

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18
Q

Classification of organisms based on temperature

A

Psychorphiles
Mesophiles
Thermophiles

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19
Q

Psychrophiles

A

Cold loving

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20
Q

Mesophiles

A

Moderate temperature loving microbes

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21
Q

Thermophiles

A

Heat loving

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22
Q

Optimum growth temperature

A

Temp in which organism grows most rapidly

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23
Q

Psychotrophs

A

(Insert

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24
Q

Hyperthermophiles

A

Insert

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25
Obligate aerobes
Use molecular oxygen and produce more energy from nutrients than do microbes that do not use oxygen
26
Facultative anaerobes
Use molecular oxygen when present but are able to use fermentation or anaerobic respiration when free oxygen is not available
27
Obligate Anaerobes
Cannot use molecular oxygen for energy yielding reactions
28
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Cannot use oxygen for growth, but tolerate it
29
Microaerophiles
Grow only in oxygen concentrations lower than air
30
What must AEROBES, FACULTIVE ANAEROBES & AEROTOLREANT ANAEROBES have to neutralize superoxide free radicals formed in the presence of atmospheric oxygen?
Enzyme: superoxide dismutase and either catalase or peroxidase
31
Superoxide dismutase converts free radical into | (02-)+(O2-) +(2H+) ----->
Molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide | H2O2 + O2
32
Since peroxide anions are toxic (O2-), an organism must use.... and convert hydrogen peroxide into ....
Catalase ---- water and oxygen
33
Since peroxide anions are toxic (O2-), an organism could also use.... and convert hydrogen peroxide into ....
Peroxidase to covert it to water
34
Most bacteria grow best in a narrow range of pH near But the exception is
PH 5-8 Yeasts and molds which have a greater range
35
Buffers are used to.... | examples include....
Prevent a shift in pH of the environment. Peptones, amino acids, phosphate salts
36
Osmotic pressure is required as a _______ for microbes
Solvent for nutrients
37
Most bacteria grow in ranges between ____ & _____ (salinity)
0.85% (physiological saline) and 3.5% (seawater);
38
________ require high salt environments at a range of ___ to ____
Obligate halophiles 18-24%
39
_______ bacteria that do NOT require high salt environments but can grow in concentrations up to _____%
Facultative halophiles (2%)
40
Light is required for
Photosynthetic organisms
41
Hydrostatic pressure is
Pressure applied to liquid.
42
Most microorganisms can tolerate _____ pressure
Hydrostatic
43
Type of organism that grows BETTER or ONLY at pressures greater than one atmosphere
Facultative Barophiles or Obligate Barophiles
44
Facultative
Better
45
Obligate
Only
46
Natural medium
Medium made of things found in nature i.e. Potato starch
47
Prepared medium
Measured ingredients, distilled water, adjusted pH, and dispensment after sterilization in autoclave
48
Chemical defined (synthetic) media
Prepared from pure chemicals of known concentrations
49
Chemically complex medium
Prepared from extracts of natural materials
50
Blood vs chocolate agar
Cooled to 50 vs 80 degrees Celsius Hemoglobin turns brown in chocolate
51
Anaerobic growth reducing media
Chemically removes molecular oxygen that could interfere with growth of Anaerobes Ex. Thioglyocolate
52
Reducing media in a Petri dish - method
Incubation in anaerobic jar or chamber
53
Selective media
Minimal essential media in which specific chemicals are added that will inhibit growth of one microbe and allow others to grow
54
Differential media
Minimal essential media with specific indicator chemicals that will produce a pattern of growth or color change in the media or organism allowing distinction of one org from another
55
Enrichment media
Minimal essential media to which nutrients have been added that will support the growth of fastidious heterotrophs
56
Special culturing technique for fastidious bacteria
Culture in living animal or cell
57
Generation time
Time required for cell to divide. Dependent on species and environment
58
Bacterial growth curve
Representation of growth of microbe in medium in phases
59
Lag phase
No appreciable increase in number of cells but cell materials are being manufactured for division.
60
Log Phase
Exponential growth. Cell population is doubling at rapid pace. PHASE in which Microbial agents are tested.
61
Plateau phase or stationary phase
Number of cells living and dividing is equal to the number dying Nutrient depletion begins
62
Decline Phase
Number of cells dying exceed the number dividing
63
Cause of decline Phase
Nutrient depletion and production of toxins and waste
64
If inoculating an organism into a non familiar nutrient base, what impact will it have on the lag phase?
It will delay it or prolong because bacteria have to activate certain enzymes to metabolize the nutrient base
65
ADVERSE conditions during plateau and decline could begin formation of
Endospores
66
Measurement of Microbial growth
``` Plate counts Filtration Most probable number Direct microscopic count Estimation: optical density,metabolic activity, dry weight (Fungi) ```

Microbiology 210 (7 decks)

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