Chapter 1 Flashcards
The five basic groups of microorganisms are:
Bacteria Protozoa Fungi (yeasts, molds, macroscopic fungi) Viruses Microscopic Algae
Microorganisms can be both ______ and ______.
Harmful and helpful
Less than ____ percent of known microorganisms cause disease
1%
3 examples of harmful aspects of microorganisms include:
DISEASE of plants, animals and humans
DESTRUCTION of property
ADVERSE EFFECTS on the environment due to overpopulation
Def: Antibiotic
Chemical products produced by one microorganism that kill or inhibit growth of another
Vaccines (definition)
Preparations of microbial origin administered to induce development of the immune response to protect against pathogen or toxin
Nitrogen Fixation (definition)
Conversion of nitrogen gas in air into forms that can be used by plants and other organisms
Microorganisms synthesize products for human use, including:
organic acids, amino acids and ethanol
Type of microorganism that decompose dead organic matter
Saprophyte
Saprophytes include_____ and contribute to the_______.
Saprophytic fungi, bacteria and protozoa
Carbon and nitrogen cycles
Microorganisms are used at sewage treatment plants to:
Decompose organic matter
Microorganisms are used in genetic engineering, which is:
Deliberate modification of an organisms genome by inserting DNA into bacteria
Biotechnological uses of microorganisms
Manufacture industrial products, foods and drugs
Def: bioremediation
Removal of pollutants and toxic wastes
Primary physical barriers to invasion of microorganism on human
Skin - epithelial tissue
Mucous membranes -that line areas that communicate with outside environment
Def: Microbiota
Body flora that colonize after birth and protect against disease
How does microbiota (body flora) protect us?
Out numbers bad microbes that could potentially harm us
Some microbiota produce chemicals that are harmful to microbes (pH balance)
Do ventral cavities have mucous membranes? Why or why not?
No - there should not be any microbes in these cavities! Mucous membranes are at sites where microbes threaten to get in.. not in the thoracic or abdominopelvic
First antibiotic was ______ and discovered by ______
Penicillin / Alexander Fleming
In Fleming’s experiment, he used ________ on an agar plate. What resulted was a mold called ________ and a chemical called________.
Staphylococcus Aureus
Penecilium notatum
Penicillin
Inappropriate prescription of antibiotics can cause
Resistance
Vaccines may contain: (4 things)
- Killed organisms
- Attenuated Organisms - organisms that are alive but weakened and cannot cause disease
- Parts of organisms - acellular (part of but not whole) and will induce a response
- Product of an organism - inactivated toxin becomes a toxoid
An inactivated toxin in a vaccine becomes a
Toxoid
What do vaccines present to the immune system?
A foreign substance (antigen) being introduced to the immune system
Antigens cause immune responses that create antibodies. Antibodies are _________ to the antigen that induced a response.
SPECIFIC
Autoimmunity means:
that the body is attacking “self” and cannot recognize its own cell markers
Types of immunity
Active and Passive
Active immunity (def)
Long lasting - produced by the body
Natural: acquired through environmental exposure; will not always contract a disease but will be immune
Artificial: Induced by a vaccine
Passive Immunity (def)
Temporary - Produced by another individual (animal)
Natural: Passed down from mother to baby (breast milk)
Artificial: Injections of gamma globulins (antibodies)
Simultaneous active and passive immunity example
Rabies- post exposure vaccine
Classes of Antibodies
IgA Antibodies (secretory) IgD Antibodies IgG Antibodies (circulating antibody) IgM Antibodies (biggest with most monomers - first to get to site of infection) IgE Antibodies (attach to basophils and mast cells and induce allergic response)
Nitrogenase function in carbon Fixation
Nitrogenase is an enzyme in bacteria that allows for it to harness it from the environment and fix it to another element to make a compound (Amonium NH3)
Life forms require a source of ____ acquired mostly from diet
Nitrogen
Anoxygenic Photosynthesis
Carried out by anaerobic photobacteria/phototrophs/photosynthetic bacteria without the use of oxygen. DOES NOT yield oxygen and water is not involved
Oxygenic Photosynthesis
Carried out by aerobes; produces O2 and required H2O
Oxygenic Aerobes include
Algae, plants and Cyanobacteria
In Photosynthesis, CO2 is _____ to ______;
And H2O is _____ to ______
Reduced to glucose
Oxidized to oxygen
