CUE - Urbanisation Flashcards
By 2050, what % of the world’s population is predicted to be living in urban areas?
66%
What are the 2 main causes of urban growth?
Natural increase
Rural to urban migration
What are push factors?
Negative factors in rural areas that result in rural-to-urban migration e.g lack of access to services, low-paid jobs, agricultural problems
What are pull factors?
Positive factors in urban areas that result in rural-to-urban migration e.g employment opportunities, perceived better quality of life, better access to services
Urban sprawl
The spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside
Suburbanisation
Movement of people living in the inner city to living on the outskirts
Under-employment
When a person is employed in work that does not make full use of their skills and abilities
What are consequences of urbanisation and urban growth?
Urban sprawl
Shortage of housing
Issue of waste disposal
Congestion
Unemployment and under-employment
What are the reasons for suburbanisation?
Development of transport networks
Increased car ownership
What are the negative impacts of suburbanisation?
Increased social segregation in cities e.g Detroit, USA
Funding focussed outside of city —> inner city decline
Ribbon development
Lack of urban growth planning controls so it occurs along Main roads
Counter-urbanisation
The movement of people from urban areas into smaller urban areas or rural areas, leap-frogging the rural urban fringe
Urban resurgence
The economic and structural regeneration of an urban area which has suffered a period of decline. Can be initiated by redevelopment schemes
Urbanisation
The increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities
In developing countries what can urbanisation lead to?
Uncontrolled and sometimes illegal urban growth (favelas and squatter settlements)
Megacity
An urban area with a population of over 10 million people
How many megacities are there expected to be in 2030?
41
2/3 of megacities are in ————- ————
Developing nations
What are the reasons for the production of megacities?
Natural increase
Rural-urban migration
Why do megacities dominate regional and national economies in countries?
Skilled workers
Good transport links
TNC headquarters
What is a world city?
An urban area that has global importance and influence. They act as global centres for finance, trade, business, politics and culture
What are the characteristics of a world city?
High quality services e.g education and healthcare facilities
TNC headquarters
International financial centres
Hubs for migration
Major manufacturing centres
How can world cities be categorised?
Alpha ++
Alpha +
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Deindustrialisation
The loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector
(Occured in the UK in the second half of the 20th century)
Why does deindustrialisation take place?
Lower labour costs, cheaper land and less environmental regulations in NEEs
Mechanization means that it is cheaper for machines to do manufacturing jobs and produce products quicker instead of people
Which area of cities has been most affected by deindustrialisation?
The inner city
Out-migration of people has meant that more businesses have closed down which reduces the tax income received by the government, decreasing the money that can be reinvested into the area. This has led to high levels of deprivation and buildings becoming derelict
What is the rise of the service economy?
The growth of jobs in the tertiary (e.g education, retail) and quaternary (e.g advertising, computer programming) sector
Why has the rise of the service economy occurred?
As nations become wealthier, they require more leisure and recreational services
The financial sector is required for the manufacturing industry that is still significant in many countries
As societies become more technologically developed, they require more specialised services to keep them running
What are the issues connected with the rise of the service economy?
Many service jobs are either part-time or temporary
The number of service jobs in some areas has not made up for the loss of manufacturing jobs
Inner City locations have been avoided (e.g. due to expensive land) so the decline there has continued.
Decentralisation
As land prices in city centres increase, businesses (retail and offices) relocate to the suburbs and outskirts of urban areas. This causes decline in city centres
Urban policy
The strategies chosen by local or central government that manage the development of urban areas and work to reduce urban issues
Describe the property-led initiatives
1979-1991
Greater emphasis on the role of the private sector to regenerate inner city areas
Urban development Corporations set up to decide to spend money on buying land building infrastructure and marketing to attract private investment
What are the successes and failures of the property-led initiatives (1979-1991)?
Successes:
By the mid-1990s £12 million investment had been attracted from the private sector
Effective in attracting businesses to run-down areas
Failures:
Didn’t tackle social issues
Local people had little involvement in decisions (top-down) so their needs were ignored
Give a named example of a property-led initiative (1979-1991)
London Docklands Development Corporation
Describe the partnership schemes
1991-1997
Greater focus on local leadership and partnership between the private sector, local communities and the local authority
Strategies focussed on tackling social, economic and environmental issues in run-down parts of the city
City Challenge - competitive scheme where local authorities needed to write bids for funding and cities with the ‘best’ bids received government grants
What are the successes and failures of the partnership schemes (1991-1997)?
Successes:
Gave equal importance to buildings, people and values
1997 data shows City Challenge helped improve over 40,000 homes create 53,000 jobs and reclaim derelict land
Failures:
Resources spread thinly over large areas
Some areas did not receive funding that needed it
Give a named example of a partnership scheme (1991-1997)
Hulme City Challenge, Manchester
Describe the area-based initiatives
1997-2000s
Many strategies focussed on narrowing the gap in key social and economic indicators between the most deprived neighbourhoods and the rest of the country
Local authorities were set targets to improve levels of health, education and employment
New Deal for Communities - 10-year strategies to transform the 39 most deprived neighbourhoods in the country and improve the lives of people living there
Local partnerships of businesses, residents, community organisations and local authorities (bottom-up)
What are the successes and failures of the area-based initiatives (1997-2000s)?
Successes:
2002-2008 NDC saw an improvement in 32 of the 36 indicators including healthcare, education, crime and housing
The disparities between local and national authority levels had narrowed
Failures:
NDC focussed on place related outcomes instead of people related outcomes
Give a named example of the area-based initiatives (1997-2000s)
Devonport Regeneration Company, Plymouth
What were the reasons for the London Docklands Development Corporation being set up?
Part of the property-led initiatives (1979-1991)
Due to decline in the area:
Poor housing - 80% of people in 1981 lived in poor-quality housing
High unemployment - due to mechanisation
Decline of port industry
What were the successes and failures of the London Docklands Corporation?
Successes:
8,000 local authority houses refurbished
120,000 jobs generated - employment reduced by almost 1/2
Failures:
Local resentment as residents had no say in the development
Many of the hi-tech jobs created were not suitable for the workers - lacked the appropriate skills
What were the reasons for City Challenge in Hulme, Manchester?
In the 1960s high-rise crescent flats were built (98% council-owned)
There were extremely bad living conditions in these flats with high crime so £37.5 million was invested to improve the area
What were the successes and failures of City Challenge in Hulme, Manchester?
Successes:
600 new homes built and 400 improved and refurbished
Crime greatly reduced
Offices developed e.g University of Manchester data centre
Homogenisation
The processes of people, places and products becoming the same e.g city landscapes becoming indistinct from each other
Metacity
A conurbation with over 20 million people
Green belt
An area of land, usually surrounding an urban area, where urban planning is restricted to prevent urban sprawl
Suburbanised village
A village within commuting distance that receives newcomers as a result of counter-urbanisation
Devolution
The transfer of power to a lower level especially by central government to a local / regional administration
Bottom up
When local people are consulted in making decisions in projects and developments so that their specific needs are met
Top Down
When the decision to undertake developments and projects is made by central authority without consulting local people
