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CUE 3232 Flashcards

1
Q

How have megacities changed over the years?

A

1990 - 10 megacities
2014 - 28 megacities
2025 - 37 megacities (predicted by UN).

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2
Q

The development of megacities is mainly in ______

A

Asia

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3
Q

As of 2015, where is the largest city?

A

Tokyo - 38m inhabitants

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4
Q

What type of city is Tokyo?

A

A metacity because it has more than 20m inhabitants.

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5
Q

What is the Chinese government planning on doing?

A

Merging 9 cities in the Pearl River Delta to create an urban area 26x greater than London.

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6
Q

Define world city.

A

A city with global influence and impact (e.g. because of their financial status or global commercial power). They house headquarters of TNCs.

There is a hierarchy of world cities: alpha ++, alpha +, alpha, alpha -, Beta and Gamma.

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7
Q

What is the hierarchy of world cities?

A 
Alpha ++
Alpha +
Alpha
Alpha -
Beta
Gamma
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8
Q

List some characteristics of a world city.

A
  • high quality educational institutions (eg renowned universities, international student attendance).
  • high proportion of residents employed in the service and information centres
  • centres of new ideas, innovation in business, economics, culture and politics
  • considerable decision making at global level
  • financial headquarters eg stock exchange
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9
Q

World cities can be considered as hubs through which huge volumes of economic activities are channeled. The 4 types of hubs are:

A

Hubs of business, transport and trade
Production hubs
Political hubs
Migration hubs.

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10
Q

One type of hub in a world city is a hub of business, transport and trade. Explain this.

A

They have strong connections with the rest of the world via the internet, electronic communication, air or shipping.
They dominate global trade and consumer activity with headquarters for MNCs, financial institutions, law firms, stock exchanges etc that dominate the country. To support these, there are lots of financial services.
Evidence of personal wealth eg billionaires.

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11
Q

One type of hub in a world city is a production hub. Explain this.

A

Most manufacturing and the production of goods is carried out in developing countries, but the decisions about marketing and productions are made by TNCs, most of which have headquarters in world cities.

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12
Q

One type of hub in a world city is a political hub. Explain this.

A

World city politicians often dictate trading and economic links between countries.

They influence and participate in international events and world affairs.

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13
Q

One type of hub in a world city is a Migration Hub. Explain this.

A

World cities have influence because they attract large numbers of qualified, talented people who are globally mobile (able to move with their jobs to locations which offer a high quality of life).

They have increasingly diverse populations.

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14
Q

What can the economies of world cities be like?

A

Larger than some countries

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15
Q

As well as their financial status, world cities dominate:

A
  • culturally (theatre capitals of the world)

- global languages

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16
Q

Describe an Alpha ++ world city. Give an example.

A

More integrated than all other cities and constitute their own level of integration.

London, NY.

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17
Q

Describe alpha + city and give example.

A

Other highly integrated cities which complement London and NY, largely filling in advanced service needs for Pacific Asia.

Sydney, Paris.

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18
Q

Describe an Alpha / Alpha- city and give an example.

A

Very important world cities linking major economic regions and states in the wold economy.

Eg Milan, LA, Madrid.

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19
Q

Describe a Beta city and give an example.

A

Important world cities which link their region or state into the world economy.

Eg Copenhagen, Rome.

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20
Q

Describe a gamma city and give an example.

A

World cities linking smaller regions or states into the world economy. Or important world cities whose major capacity is not advanced in producer services.

Eg Bristol

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21
Q

Define urban morphology.

A

Refers to the spatial structure or form and organisation of an urban area - its pattern of land use.

22
Q

Describe how traditionally, urban morphology affected land use.

A

For example,

  • early industrial areas were developed close to rivers to harness the power of energy and for transport.
  • flat land was important for the transport of goods via road / rail
  • in poorer cities, informal settlements are found on undeveloped steep land (eg Roschina is built on a steep hillside). the poorest areas are higher on the hilltop - only accessible by foot.
23
Q

Since when has land use become more influenced by humans?

A

Since humans have been able to overcome physical limitations.

24
Q

What is the main factor affecting land use in high income countries?

A

Land value.

25
Q

Where is the site with the highest land value?

A

The Peak Land Value Intersection (PVLI).

26
Q

What is the theory of ‘distance decay’?

A

Land prices decline the further away from the PVLI you go.

27
Q

What is found at the PVLI?

A

Usually only very profitable businesses eg large retailers who can afford the high prices (Marks and Spencer).

28
Q

Why are smaller retailers found at the edge of the CBD?

A

Because they cannot afford the higher prices to be in the most accessible locations.

29
Q

Outline the traditional bid-rent model.

A

As the distance from the PLVI increases, there is less competition for land for the less accessible areas, so land values fall (distance decay).

This explains why industry is found further away - because they cannot afford the highest prices.

30
Q

Outline the new bid-rent model.

A

From the 1980s onwards, there was a trend in out of town shopping centres - which affected land value in cities.
As a result, SECONDARY LAND VALUE PEAKS occurred.
And an increase in car ownership and better infrastructure meant that the CBD was not always the most accessible part of the urban area. This caused edge of town developments with free car parking.

(Eg St. James’ Retail Park)

31
Q

Causes of decline in city centres in the U.K. in the past 30 years?

A
  • in the ’80s and ’90s this was due to the development of out of town retail parks and decentralisation of business and residential areas.
  • recent competition from internet shopping.
  • push factors: high parking costs, congestion, perception of the city centre as dirty or unsafe.
32
Q

Strategies to reverse city centre decline?

A
  • construction of indoor shopping malls
  • improvements in public transport
  • provision of more attractive shopping environments

In the 2000s…

  1. Town centre mixed development - encouraging functions other than retailing.
  2. Development of cultural headquarters
33
Q

In the 2000s, ‘town city mixed development’ was a strategy to reverse city decline. Outline this.

A

It was to encourage functions other than retailing. Eg

  • wider range of leisure activities (cinema, cafes, theatres)
  • developing nightlife (clubs)
  • promotion of street entertainment (Covent Garden)
  • availability of spaces (gardens, plazas; for people watching)
  • constructing new offices, hotels, conference centres to raise the status for business and tourism.
34
Q

In the 2000s, ‘development of cultural and heritage headquarters’ was a strategy to reduce city decline. Outline this.

A
  • heritage quarters focus more on the history of the area, based around small scale industry, eg actually making something (Birmingham Jewellery Quarter).
  • culturally led urban developments appeared in the ’80s eg Manchester Northern Quarters. But for this to be successful, it needs a previous cultural production (eg making goods / going to shows / museums).
35
Q

Causes of gentrification?

A
  • the rent gap. When the price of a property has fallen lower than its real value, usually due to lack of investment. So there’s a gap between actual and potential price. Such properties are attractive to individuals who can renovate them.
  • commuting costs are removed.
  • the pioneer image. The trend of creative individuals (eg artists moving into edgy neighbourhoods eg Soho).
  • changing composition of households. Many households have single or 2 person households without children. Therefore they may benefit from city living.
36
Q

Costs of gentrification?

A
  • newcomers may be seen as a threat to new neighbourhood
  • loss of business for original low order services
  • increased car ownership may increase congestion
  • people on low incomes cannot afford the higher rental prices
37
Q

Benefits of gentrification?

A
  • local increase in tax income
  • physical environment will be improved
  • employment opportunities (eg interior design)
  • rise in general prosperity, and growth of certain businesses and services
38
Q

What’s a fortress landscape?

A

This refers to landscapes designed around security, protection, surveillance and exclusion.

39
Q

What are the strategies in fortress landscapes?

A
  • greater use of CCTV
  • railing and fences around private spaces (gated communities)
  • mosquito alarms which emit high pitched sounds heard only by young people to discourage loitering around buildings
  • speed bumps to prevent joyriding
40
Q

More recent strategies of fortress landscapes focus on the concept of ‘designing out crime’. For example…

A
  • redevelopment of housing to have more windows for better natural surveillance / provision of front gardens with fences to mark a clear boundary between public and private land.
  • bins in gated compounds rather than open alleyways .
  • avoiding features eg recessed doorways for people to hide in.
  • avoiding exposed rainwater down pipes which make it easier for people to climb up onto the roof.
  • avoiding dark alleys associated with drug dealing and muggings.
41
Q

What are edge cities?

A

Self-contained settlements which have emerged beyond the original city boundary and are developed as cities in their own right.

42
Q

What are edge cities caused by?

A

Urban sprawl as a result of increased car ownership, greater willingness to travel long distances for work, entertainment, as well as limited planning restrictions in the suburbs.

43
Q

Why do people criticise edge cities?

A

Because they are linked to extreme social segregation where the wealthy have moved to the new suburban settlements, leading the poor and disadvantaged sector in the original city boundary.

44
Q

What is a post modern western city?

A

Post modern western cities are characterised by the mixing of different artistic styles and architecture. Eg fortress landscapes and edge cities; most common in North America.

45
Q

Key features of the post modern western city?

A
  • greater ethnic diversity (but heightened economic and social inequalities and polarisation).
  • spectacular flagship development.
  • varied architecture as seen in the London cityscape.
  • more fragmented urban form with independent settlements eg edge cities, economies.
  • a greater emphasis on producer services & knowledge based industries rather than industrial mass production.
46
Q

Define CBD.

A

Traditionally, the most accessible part of a town or city.

It has the highest concentration of retailing, offices and entertainment facilities.

47
Q

Define inner city.

A

This is an area of old housing and light manufacturing industry dating back to the Industrial Revolution.
Mainly had factories and terraced housing which provided accommodation for the factory workers.
Many British cities have witnessed the regeneration of these areas in the past 3 decades.

48
Q

Define regeneration.

A

These areas consist of housing from a range of periods – traditionally increasing in size and price as you move towards the outskirts.
However, urban regeneration schemes and gentrification have meant that some of the most expensive properties can now be found in traditional “low cost residential” areas while social estates on the edge of cities are among some of the most deprived parts of British cities.

49
Q

Define gentrification.

A

The buying and renovating of properties, often in more run-down areas, by wealthier individuals.
It is an important process of housing improvement, supported by groups such as estate agents and local authorities.
It has helped to regenerate large part of inner cities

50
Q

Define science/business park.

A

These tend to be found on the edge of urban areas where there is good access to major roads.
Some science parks are also located near universities.

51
Q

Define ‘out of town retail developments’

A

Originally developed by large supermarkets, these spaces then inclluded non-food retail units & entertainment complexes. They have had a negative economic impact on some towns and city centres.
In 1994 the British government discouraged their development.

52
Q

Define informal settlements.

A

Aka slums / shanty towns, these are a feature of cities in low-income countries.
Traditionally developed on the edge of cities but also found adjacent to transport routes and in areas of the city undesirable e.g. rubbish dumps.
Physical factors such as steep slopes, unstable land and areas prone to natural hazards may also influence their location .

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