CTP Febuary

Question 1

Please define Socialization further! Please give at least 5 Definitions or explanation!

Answer 1

1. “Socialization is the process by which individuals acquire the knowledge skills and character traits that enable them to participate as effective members of groups and society.”
2. The concept of socialization goes back in time as far as human life.
3. Train up a child in the way he should and when he is old, he will not depart from it (Spr. 22,6)
4. Many forces in society contribute to children’s development as do the children themselves. (external and internal)
5. Socialization involves the interactions between the child, microsystem, mesosystems, exosystems and marcosystems.

Question 2

Socialization as a unique process please define with 6 sentences. Please also relate to the term “internalization”.

Answer 2

1. Human beings are not only social beings, but use an interactive language that enables them to communicate, develop mind and self.
2. It is reason and behaviour that enable us to internalize the attitudes of others.

3. Internalization is the process by which externally (outside) controlled behaviour shifts to internally or self-controlled behaviour.

4. This internalization then leads to social control and finally the development of human society.
5. Through communication of ideas, thoughts can be expressed and used to modify action.
6. Socialization begins after birth and is a life long process
7. Throughout life, one’s behaviour influences others’ responses.

Question 3

There are 3 Dimension of Socialization please enumerate them.

Answer 3

1. Socialization as a process
2. Socialization as a unique process
3. Intentional and Unintentional Socialization

Question 4

Give a short explanation about Intentional and Unintentional Socialization.

Answer 4

1. Intentional (Beabsichtigt): Intentional socialization are those values that society and families put in place to deliberately shape a child in terms of character.
2. Unintentional (Unbeabsichtigt): Much of socialization is unintentional because it happens by uncontemplated actions rather than deliberate instructions or behaviour. (Role-Models, Copying) What Men do and women must do.

Question 5

Explain for aims of socialization. Please give 4 aspects.

Answer 5

1. The aim of socialization is to facilitate the development of the child’s optimum potential for participation in society.
2. Socialization enables children to learn what they need to know in order to be integrated into the society in which they live.
3. It also enables children to develop their potentialities and form satisfying relationships.
4. Socialization aims to develop a self-concept, instill self-discipline (Selbstdisziplin), (anerziehen) ambitions (Ehrgeiz), teach social roles and teach developmental skills.

Question 6

Your Group Assignment: Due to 2.5.15

Answer 6

Team Assignments: A ten-page paper (maximum) must accompany the team presentation in Week 6.

Question 1 Define and describe intentional and unintentional socialization. Give examples based on situations you encountered in your development from childhood. Apply knowledge of five aims of socialization to your examples.

List the stages of Erikson‟s psychosocial theory and give examples of each stage.

Question 2: Carry out a research on three of the many family perspectives that sociologists have come up with and identify the strengths and weakness of each perspective. Which perspective do you feel would work well with a modern society in the African Culture. Examine and cite examples of families that are close to you as you highlight the weaknesses and strengths of the perspectives

Question 3: Separation and divorce is an old issue of biblical and social concern. Carry out a research to find out how many people you know come from broken homes as a result of divorce. Investigate the issues that they have undergone as a result of divorce. If you were asked to put up a program for the divorced, what are some of the issues you will tackle to alleviate the emotional, financial and social problems that the affected go through?

Question 7

Enumerate all known social agents.

Answer 7

1. Family
2. **School **
3. Peers
4. **Media **
5. Community

Question 8

Give a short defition of intimacy according to its three dimension:

Answer 8

Intimacy can be considered according to three dimensions- breadth, openness, and depth- shared across intellectual, physical, and emotional sectors of life;

Question 9

Read this carefully and enumerate the three dimension of intimacy: Every human being desires to be intimate with someone. Intimacy is intense affection for, commitment to; and sharing of intellectual, physical and emotional connections with another person. Intimacy is the opposite of emotional isolation, which has been linked to higher risks of physical and emotional disorders (brown 1995; Ladbrock 2000). Intimacy is the deepest kind of social tie, the kind that helps us survive in our demanding, speeded- up society.

Answer 9

Intimacy can be considered according to three dimensions- breadth, openness, and depth- shared across intellectual, physical, and emotional sectors of life;

Question 10

1. Breadth- What is the range of our shared activities? Please define the intellectual-, physical-, and emotional activity questions of Breadth.

Answer 10

Intellectual Activity: How much do I and the other person share news of our daily activities?
How do we decide about managing the household?
o we participate in the same political activities? 

Physical Activity: Sharing such activities as dancing, athletics, shopping, gardening, caressing, and sex? 

Emotional: How well do we resolve conflict?
Do we phone each other when we are not together to lend emotional support?
Do we share pride at a child‟s graduation?
Do we comfort one another when one is going through a stressful situation?

Question 11

Define in your own words Breadth according to intimacy.

Answer 11

Breadth considers the range of activities you and the other person share with each other.

Question 12

Describe in your own words the term “Openness” in according to intimacy.

Answer 12

Openness describes the extent to which you and the other person feel able to make meaningful self- disclosures to each other- that is,

how trusting you are in each other‟s honesty and acceptance.

Question 13

Which of the dimension question can you ask regarding “Openness” ?

Answer 13

Intellectual Activity: How trusting do I feel about sharing my secrets with the other; and how careful am I about sharing the other‟s secrets?
Do I feel the need to lie to the other?
Can I discuss controversial matters in politics, religion, ethics, and so on?

Physical Activity: How comfortable am I about sharing possessions, being nude, grooming well myself, or bathroom behaviour around the other?
To what extent do I limit exploration of my body by the other?

Emotional Activity: How free do I feel to express anger and resentments with the other?
How emotionally honest am I about resolving conflicts?
How comfortable am I describing my emotional involvement with other intimates?

Question 14

Please describe Depth regarding to Intimacy in your own words.

Answer 14

Openness, as we just described, is about trust. Depth is more difficult to achieve, taking trust to a more profound level and indicating the extent to which two people share the truest, more central cores of themselves.

Question 15

Answer the three dimension’s question of “Depth” or give examples.

Answer 15

Intellectual Activity: How deep is my faith in the other‟s love and reliability? How strongly do I feel I can work cooperatively or collectively with this person to change some of my core characteristics? Can we ever blend each other‟s selves in transcendental union? Physical Activity: How physically relaxed am I in the other‟s presence? How deep are my feelings of contentment and well-being with this person? Emotional activity: Do I care as much about the other as I do about myself? Can I be supportive in a non jealous way toward the other intimate relationships of this person?

Question 16

Take a look at this statement: What do you think causes it ? Deep love is probably a rare event, since it demands that a person be capable of self-analysis and “be willing to face even neurotic fears” (Biddle 1979, 310). Those who love deeply, therefore, are more vulnerable to the illness or death of their partners than those in less intense relationships.

Answer 16

In my opinion deep love, is a state where you go with your mind, spirit and soul beyond the normal emotional daily activities. Let’s compare this statement to God and how he loves us. I believe his love is even so deep that he sacrifice everything, which means death for his beloved son. It was not only a state of vulnerableness but more the biggest sacrifes ever since.

Question 17

Is deep intimacy attainable? Achieving intellectual “transcendental (highest state) union” or complete non jealous emotional intimacy might not seem to be in the cards for most ordinary mortals. Indeed, many of us might be content simply to be in a long term partnership that‟s reasonably free of problems and conflicts. Is that possible? Do you think that people can manage their emotions?

Answer 17

Psychologist Dan Baker (Baker and Stauth 2002) believes that you can manage your emotions (grief, agony, sadness, etc) for happiness just as you can manage your physical health through diet and exercise. Baker states that “happiness is the ability to practice appreciation or love” (Baker 2002, quoted in Corlis 2003:74).

Question 18

David Oslon (2000) described 5 components as key components of strenghtening a relationship. Please enumerate them.

Answer 18

a. The ability to communicate well b. Flexibility with one another c. Ability to be emotionally close d. Ability to agree on how to handle conflict e. Having personalities that adapt to each other

Question 19

The Crisis of Intimacy: Please explain in your own words why there is “The separation of work and home” what Trends lead to this?

Answer 19

1. Trends that leads to the separation: - Industrial Revolution, - Urbanization - technological advancement

Question 20

What are the challenges with a family which is separated daily at home and work?

Answer 20

1. The challenge is that the family, especially that one where there are children, equally wants attention from such a mother or father.
2. If the man or woman is married, the spouse also wants to catch up on the activities of the day.
3. Out of courtesy and recognition that that the spouse has already had about enough to cope with, the working spouse might not share the heavy encounters of the day.
4. Sometimes the technical experiences of the working spouse are beyond the understanding of the one at home.
5. When he tries to share, the other partner is not connected to the challenges of a working partner.
6. This in itself is challenging to the relationship and creates separation between couples. Technological advancement and specialization

Question 21

The Isolated Conjugal (eheliche )Family: Please define the term “ Isolated Conjugal (eheliche) Family) in your own words.

Answer 21

1. Since back in time the conjugal families were extended with generations of adults and various spinster aunts.
2. They were all together in an economic unit.
3. But nowadays conjugal families are isolated form their extended familiy, which means they are less people in this economic unit.
4. If one family member is sick the other has to stop working and nurse the patient.
5. In an extended family other members are able to provide this support.

Question 22

Session 3 Mate Selection:

Mate selection is a preliminary to family life. What does it mean ? Please give explanation to “Mate Selecetion”.

Answer 22

1. Every society has a process which the unmarried go through to be married.
2. That process is what we call “Mate Selection”
3. Marriage is the first stage of family.
4. Every Culture defines how mate selection is done.

Question 23

Every culture has its own mate selection process. Please enumerate how it is done in Zambia.

Answer 23

How is done in Zambia?

• Cultural Clashes: We are in middle of many other cultures.
• Culture is what we are doing to choose a spouse?
• Family is not involved at the beginning.
  1. Boys Family -> Girls Family
  2. Co Habiting -> Girls and Boys -> Babies are born
  3. Boys and Girls are choosing their spouses.
  4. They are going to their families to negotiate about marriage.

Parental guidance was important

Question 24

What does Marriage by capture mean (happened in the past).

Answer 24

1. Never really been the usual method
2. But there has been instances where men have take wives by force
3. Typically occurred in patriarchal societies where women were considered as property
4. This would normally happen in war situations
5. In judges 21 Israel had to capture women for the tribe of Benjamin

Question 25

Some cultures practice marriage by arrangement. What can you tell us about it ?

Answer 25

1. Typically a parent and some match maker would chose a spouse for a child
2. Marriage is regarded as for group rather than individual arrangement.
3. Economics may be the driving force. (Maybe Bloodlines, same economical level)
4. Historically arranged marriages were meant for preservation – say of Nobility or bloodlines
5. It is believed that many of Solomon’s 700 wives and 300 concubines were acquired for political alliance purposes.
6. Ability to pay bride price and dowry
7. The bride paid dowry the groom paid the bride price

Question 26

S4 Theory of Mate Selection

There are two basis belief or cliché. Please enumerate them and give short explanation.

Answer 26

1. Mate selection is based on the basis of 2 beliefs or cliché :
2. “Opposites Attracts” (Magnetism)
3. **“The like marries likes” **
4. If this be true, then there should be similarities and differences in a couple
5. Theories emerge out of these beliefs

Question 27

1. Theory “Like marries like”. Please explain in your own words and also explain Endogamy, Proximity, Homogamy in this context.

Answer 27

Studies have shown that endogamous factors are key components in mate selection.

**Endogamy: **is the practice of marrying within a specific ethnic group, class or social group, rejecting others on such a basis as being unsuitable for marriage or for other close personal relationships.

Endogamy is common in many cultures and ethnic groups.

• Rich people and king and queens are staying in the same group.

Endogamous factors include:

Race, religion, education, education and geographical proximity

Proxomity (Nähe) enhances choices of mate in one’s company:

Work mate, learning institution, neighbourhood, cyberspace etc.

Homogamy: Is marriage individuals who are, in some culturally important way, similar to each other.

• Similar Personal characteristics and interests: moral values, hobbies, intelligence, height, weight, and physical appearance. (Swimming, work out, dancing).
• Some people get attracted to mates of same ego strengths

Low self esteem gets low self esteem, and vice versa.

Question 28

2nd Theory: Opposites attract

Please explain in your own words.

Answer 28

1. Not as clear as like marries like
2. Studies indicate personality factors are usually involved
3. Dominants tend to marry submissive people
4. Tendency is that one partner identifies what is lacking in them in the other
5. Attraction is so that they feel complete

Question 29

Alan Kerchoff and Keith Davis developed a Filter Theory about the Mate Selection Process. Please explain it in your own words and refer to the three filters.

Answer 29

First Filter:

Endogamy, homogamy and complementary needs are three filters through a potential mate must pass.
The first and broader is Endogamy (First Filter)
People date and establish relationships with individuals from similar background (church, school, neighbourhood)

Second filter:

Second filter is that of Homogamy
Narrower than endogamy and more selective
One finds themselves with people of same profession, interests and characteristics

Third Filter:

The third filter is that of complementary needs (ergänzende Bedürfnisse).
Several will pass through endogamy and homogamy
Few have exact personality traits to meet ones most pressing needs (Drückende Bedürfnisse).

Question 30

Please explain in your own words the three filters Biological, Social and Psychological filters.

Answer 30

Biological Filters:

1. Most people choose the opposite gender.
2. We choose someone close to our age (most 22 year old men are not looking for a 54 year old woman.)
3. We can rule out our relatives…
4. Physical features are usually similar to ours, ie. Body type, weight, height, etc. -> Choices

Social Filters:

1. We often marry within our same social class or income level.
2. There is an increase change of marriage success when we stay in our own class.
3. Race (Rasse) is the least likely line to be crossed in mate selection.
4. Most people marry within their own religion.
5. We try to find someone of similar intelligence and education.

Psychological Filters:

1. Based on conscious and unconscious need of people.
2. These needs are based on childhood experiences.
3. People will often marry someone similar to their opposite sex parent (sie ist wie meine Mutter oder er ist so wie mein Vater) (Mutterfigur oder Vater Figur)

Question 31

Stimulus Value role theory. Please explain in your own words.

Answer 31

1. Similar to filter theory.
2. The difference is that a person looks for a mate while ensuring that there is something that person can offer to attract the other p. (Appearence, Type of Job, Social Status)
3. Mate selection is an “open market”.
4. Attraction starts with physical appearance, status, job etc.
5. This is stimuli stage. Where you have awoken one’s interests.

Secondly: Values check wether they are compatible.

Lasty: Role stage, where they assess whether their expectations can be met by the mate.

Conclusion:

ÒA relationship that passes through these stages usually culminates in a marriage and any marriage that might begin at the first stage might first difficulties or end up in divorce.

Question 32

Please explain the dyadic Formation theory.

Robert Lewis established in 1972 a mate selection theory called Dyadic Formation theory. Please explain this theory.

Answer 32

Def: Theory conceives a dating relationship as developing through six stages of increasing seriousness.

1. Perception of Similarities

Background,
Values,
interests,
personality

2. Pair Rapport

Ease of Communication
Positive evaluations of each other
Satisfaction with the relationship
Validation of self by the other

3. Self disclosure

Openess through mutual self-disclosure

4. Role Taking

Anticipation of roles each would play as marriage partner

5. Role fit

Adjustment of these roles to fit each others needs.

6. Dyadic crystallization

As evidence by progressive involvement together
Establishment of boundaries arount the relationship
commitment to each other
emerging identity as a couple

Question 33

Please define the Wheel and Clock Spring Theory by Ira Reiss.

Answer 33

1. Ira Reiss established this theory in 1960 according to the western society.
2. “According to his theory, heterosexual love is a primary relationship that our society singled out for special attention.”
3. This relationship moves through four stages:
4. Rapport
   * Coming to feel comfortable with each other.
5. Self Revelation
   * Being open and sharing oneself with the other
6. Mutual dependency (beidseitige abhängigkeit)
   * The realization that one needs the other person as a confidant or a listener
7. Intimacy need fulfillment
   * The Awareness that one’s needs for sympathic understanding are being met by the other person.

Question 34

Session 5 Romantic Love:

Please define types of love.
Please refer to Erich Fromm first.

Answer 34

Erich Fromm (1956)

In his Book, “The art of loving”, observes that most people see love primarly in terms of being loved Rather loving.

Need to learn how to love in the same way as learning a musical instrument.

“Love is an art to be practiced, requiring discipline, concentration, patience and supreme concern”

“When people **start working **at love, **knowledge **will characterize their relationship.”

Question 35

Frank Pittman continues Fromm’s thoughs on love. Please cite him (1997, p. 312)

Answer 35

Ò “People who want to feel loving should start by acting loving- at home.”

Question 36

Please explain the biblical view of love according to Paul in 1. Cor 13.

Answer 36

1. Paul further states that love is patience, meaning it has the ability to wait, tolerate and consider the weaknesses of the other person without condemning and judging;
2. love is kind, therefore it has the ability to care, to be sympathetic and to be thoughtful towards the other person;
3. love is not jealous or boastful; Love is not arrogant or rude.

Question 37

Please define romantic love according to Henry Grunebaum (1997, p296). Please also state out its three identifiable features.

Answer 37

Grunebaum links romantic love to erotic love. There are three identifiable features:

1. Feeling of longing for the other person and the desire to be sexually and psychologically intimate.
2. The beloved is idealized and regarded as necessary for one’s happiness.
3. Preoccupation (vertieftsein) with the relationship results in an overestimation (überschätzung) of the other person.

Question 38

What are the dangers of romantic love? Please give some explanation.

Answer 38

1. Romantic love leads to dramatc changes in one’s character.
2. Brain scans reveals that only pictures or thoughts of the object of one’s desire can “light up” certain areas of the brain.
3. Romantiv love is similar to drives (triebe) as:
   **Hunger,
   Thirst
   Drug craving **
4. Rather than emotional states such as excitement of affection.
5. Pittman critizes the Comparison romantic love to dangerous drug. Puts one into a state of temporary insanity.
6. “It is a narcisstic intoxication that has no relationship to loving, but is rather a response to crisis that triggers a bigger crisis” (1997, p. 309)
7. People in romantic love should be cautions, because real love is much more about faithful bahaviours than about mushy feelings.
8. The “Romantic Phase” in which two people overly intrigue, leaves little time for anyone else.
9. While this is a wonderful aspect of initial attraction, loving demans more than the object of one’s romantic love.
10. Both partners must move beyond this, to demands of relationship building, before they can plan a future life together.

Question 39

What are the stages of romantic love according to Helen Fisher and her colleagues (2002) ? Please enumerate them.

Answer 39

Helen Fisher and her colleagues (2002) suggest that what we call romantic love develops over three

sequential stages, beginning with

1. lust (sexual drive),
2. Attraction
3. emotional attachment.

Such “falling in love” is a romantic attachment that differs from one‟s relationship with family or friends and

changes one physiologically as the body increases the production of hormones and chemical substances

known as peptides, vasopressin, and oxytocin (Fisher et al. 2002).

Question 40

In the 1950s the mate-selection process has moved to a new stage called rational-romantic love. Please explain in few sentences.

Answer 40

1. This type of love considers rational elements with one’s true love.
2. It is more common in western societies, especially among people who are educated.
3. Marriages is seen as rational decision.

Question 41

Roger Sternberg has sorted out the complexity of “romantic love” Please enumerate his three dimension of love.

Answer 41

1. Commitment - Cognitive Component
2. Intimacy - Friendship factor & Emotional Compotent
3. Passion - Motivational component

Question 42

Please explain the three types of love known from ancient Greek culture.

Answer 42

1. Agape- This is the self-giving love which

           corresponds to commitment

2. Philia- This is the brotherly kind of love which

         corresponds to intimacy

3. Eros- This love is the love that is found

               between lovers in marriage where 
   
               there is physical desire for one’s
   
               beloved and it corresponds to 

passion.

Question 43

There are types of love relationships. Please enumerate them first.

Answer 43

1. Complete Love
2. Self-Giving Love
3. In Friendship
4. In infatuation

Question 44

Explain one of the four types of love: Complete Love.

Answer 44

Complete Love: embraces an equal portion of the three stated loves;

1. • commitment/ agape,
2. • intimacy/ philia
3. • passion/ erōs

In most cases passion is likely to dominate at the beginning of courtship, followed by a surge in emotional and friendship intimacy and last, commitment.

Commitment to the other person that provides an environment in which intimacy and passion can grow to full maturity.
**The ideal relationship includes equal amounts of commitment, intimacy and passion. **

Question 45

Please explain self-giving Love:

Answer 45

1. Commitment (Agabe) is dominant.
2. Marriages based in faithful commitment end in divorce far less frequently than those based solely on romantic love.
3. ÒHowever, this does not imply that marriages that are arranged by parents are more likely than love-based marriages to achieve the Christian ideal.
   ÒFor while intimacy and passion may develop in arranged marriages, the familial structure and cultural values promoted in traditional societies may also hinder such development.

Question 46

Please explain the third type of love friendship.

Answer 46

1. In Friendship: emotional intimacy is dominant.
2. Although few relationships move into marriage on the basis of friendship alone,
3. Friendship is an essential factor in a good marital relationship.
4. Many people describe their spouse as their best friend, an indication of being an emotional companion to one another.
5. Others complain that the friendship is so strong that they find it difficult to feel passionate with their partner and these compromises the sexual passion.

Question 47

Explain the fourth type of love: Infatuation (Betörung)

Answer 47

1. In Infatuation: passion is dominant.
2. Some relationships get off to a passionate start:
3. -two people connect on the basis of immediate
4. attraction and sexual response, which may lead to an impulsive marriage.
5. Such relationships do not ordinarily have the emotional core and stability of commitment to sustain the marriage.
6. But since passion by itself cannot carry a relationship over time, infatuation often burns itself out before a couple decides to marry.