CTG

Question 1

Fetal tachycardia causes:

Answer 1

1. Fetal hypoxia.
2. Chorioamnionitis > PROM
3. Hyperthyroidism.
4. Fetal or maternal anemia.
5. Fetal tachyarrhythmia.

Question 2

Fetal bradycardia causes:
5

Answer 2

• Prolonged cord compression
• Cord prolapse
• Maternal seizures
• Epidural and spinal anesthesia
• Rapid fetal descent

Question 3

Causes of reduced fetal heart rate variability :

Answer 3

• Fetal sleeping – this should last no longer than 40 minutes (most common cause)
• Fetal acidosis (due to hypoxia)
• Fetal tachycardia
• Drugs – opiates / benzodiazepines / methyldopa / magnesium sulphate
• Prematurity – variability is reduced at earlier gestation (<28 weeks)
• Congenital heart abnormalities

Question 4

Cause of acute fetal distress

Answer 4

• Placenta previa, placental abruption
• Inappropriate use of oxytocin: too strong, too frequent and uncoordinated uterine contraction
• Cord prolapse, true entanglement, torsion
• shock of mother

Question 5

Causes of chronic fetal distress

Answer 5

• Inadequate maternal blood oxygen saturation
• Utero-placental vascular sclerosis, stenosis
• Placental pathological changes
• Fetal factor: severe cardiovascular deformity, all causes leading to hemolytic anemia

Question 6

Diagnosis of fetal distress

Answer 6

• Fetal heart rate abnormality
• Meconium stained amniotic fluid
• Reduced or absent fetal movement.

Question 7

Placenta Previa (complications)

Answer 7

■ Prematurity (iatrogenic or spontaneous)
• Double the rate of fetal congenital malformations
• Fetal malpresentation

• Velamentous cord insertion and Vb ■ Fetal growth restriction
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■ Fetal hypoxia / DEATH (EXTREME CASES)
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