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cs200 > CS200- Spine, Thorax, and Nervous Systems > Flashcards

CS200- Spine, Thorax, and Nervous Systems Flashcards

1
Q

of vertebrae in each section of the column

A 
Cervical-7
Thoracic- 12
Lumbar- 5
Sacral-5
Coccygeal- 3-5
Total- 32-34
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2
Q

Pedicles

A

Bony struts on a vertebra stretching laterally

Connect the vertebral bodies with the transverse and spinous processes

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3
Q

Laminae

A

Two posterior struts of the vertebral ring, connect the transverse and spinal processes

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4
Q

Transverse processes

A

bony outgrowths on the vertebrae that stretch posterior and lateral
serve as muscle attachment and articulation with the ribs

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5
Q

spinous process

A

Part of the vertebra where the laminae join posteriorly, palpable

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6
Q

Atlas

A

C-1. Supports the head

Permits nodding motion

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7
Q

Axis

A

C-2- small bony tooth projecting upwards permits twisting

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8
Q

Where does the spinal cord end in adults

A

L-1

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9
Q

Attachments for the spinal column’s dura mater

A

Base of the skull, top of the sacrum, peripheral nerve roots

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10
Q

Ribs- # and attachments

A

12 pairs
upper 7 join the sternum
8-10 join the cartilage of the 7th rib
11-12 are floating

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11
Q

3 sections of the sternum, and joints in between

A

Manubrium (medial endpoint of clavicle and rib 1)
Angle of Louis- feels like a bar, attachment for rib 2
Sternum body
xiphisternal joint
Xyphoid Process

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12
Q

Pulmonary Hilium

A

Where the bronchi enter the lungs, and where the pulmonary arteries enter and pulmonary veins exit.
The sole point of fixation of the lung 8in the thoracic cavity

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13
Q

lobes of the lungs

A

right- three lobes, upper, middle, lower
Left- upper and lower
Left upper lobe contains the cardiac notch, upon which the heart rests

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14
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

smooth membrane lining the pleural space, folding over at the pulmonary hilium. these layers and the fluid between allow lung movement

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15
Q

mediastinum

A

central space within the thoracic cavity, bound by the lungs, diaphram, thoracic outlet. Filled mostly by the heart

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16
Q

aorta fixations

A

Annulus- where it attaches to the heart
Ligamentum arteriosum- at the pulmonary artery (fetal cord connecting them)
Aortic Hiatus- where it passes through diaphram and enters abdomen

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17
Q

Neuron depolarization

A

Na rushes in, K rushes out, eliminating the negative charge inside the cell

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18
Q

The brain’s six major parts

A

Cerebellum, Cerebrum, Pons, Medulla ablongata, Diencephalon (innerbrain, includes hypothalamus and thalamus), mesencephalon (midbrain)

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19
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain, responsible for certain aspects of motor coordination and eye movement

20
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates fine motor movements, posture, equilibrium, muscle tone

21
Q

AMF

A

Anterior medial fissure, anterior portion of spinal cord’s medial division. Deep crease along the ventral surface

22
Q

PMS

A

Posterior Medial Sulcus- Posterior portion of spinal cord’s medial division, shallow groove along the dorsal surface

23
Q

Grey Matter

A

H cross section of spinal cord, made up of neural bodies

Important for reflex

24
Q

White Matter

A

Three columns of nerve fibres around grey matter (anterior, lateral, posterior)
composes a pair of ascending and descending tracts on either side

25
Q

How many spinal nerve pairs?

A

31 (one for every vertebra, starting above C-1, until the Coccyx)

26
Q

describe the roots of the nerve pairs

A

each peir has 2 ventral roots, which carry impulses from cord to body, and 2 dorsal roots, which carry impulses from body to cord

27
Q

Key locations for dermatome assessment

A 
C-3- collar region
C-7- Little finger
T-4- Nipple line
T-10- Unbilicus
S-1- Small toe
28
Q

Myotomes and dermatomes

A

Myatomes- Muscle and tissue innervated by a spinal nerve root
Dermatome- Body surface innervated by one nerve root

29
Q

Key myotome evaluations

A 
C-5- arm extension
C-7- elbow extension
T-1- Small finger abduction
L-3- knee extension
S-1- ankle flexion
30
Q

Four Categories of Peripheral Nerves

A 
Somatic Sensory (touch, pain, temp, position)
Somatic Motor (skeletal muscles)
Visceral Sensory (bladder)
Visceral Motor (cardiac, smooth muscle)
31
Q

Locations of ganglia

A

Sympathetic ganglia are located close to the spinal cord, Parasympathetic close to the target organs

32
Q

Mediators of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

33
Q

Spinal cord origin of the Sympathetic NS

A

Thoracic and Lumbar regions

34
Q

Effects of the Sympathetic Nerves leaving the Sympathetic chain ganglia

A 
Sweat glands
Constriction of blood vessels
Increase in blood to the skeletal muscles
increase in HR and cardiac force
Bronchodilation
Stimulation of energy production
35
Q

Effects of the Sympathetic Nerves leaving the collateral ganglia

A

Innervate abdominal organs, causing:
Reduction of blood flow to abdominal organs
Decreased digestive activity
relaxation of smooth muscle lining urinary bladder
-release of glucose stores from the liver

36
Q

Endocrine effect of sympathetic stimulation

A

adrenal medulla releases 20%norepinephrine and 80% epinephrine, stimulating tissue not innervated by sympathetic nerves, prolonging effects

37
Q

Nerve roots serving the parasympathetic NS

A

Sacral region, cranial nerve (predominantly vagus)

38
Q

Nerves in which parasympathetic nerve fibres travel exiting the brainstem

A

CNIII- occulomotor nerve
CN-VII- Facial Nerve
CN-IX- glossopharyngeal Nerve
CN-X- Vagus nerve

39
Q

Effects of parasympathetic NS stimulation

A 
Pupillary constriction
Secretion by digestive glands
Reduction in HR and Cardiac force
Bronchoconstriction
increased smooth muscle activity along digestive tract
Increased sexual stimulation
40
Q

Parasympathetic neurotransmitter

A

Acetocholine

41
Q

Somatic Neurotransmitter

A

Acetocholine

42
Q

Nicotinic-N-receptors

A

-
A type of Acetocholine receptor in autonomic ganglia, where Ach acts as the presynaptic neurotransmitter for both sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

43
Q

Nicotinic-M-receptors

A

A type of Acetocholine receptor found at the meuromuscular junctions of the somatic nervous system

44
Q

Muscarinic receptors

A

A type of Acetocholine receptor found in many organs throughout the body and are primarily responsible for promoting the parasympathetic response

45
Q

Cranial nerve functions

A 
I    Olfactory
II    Optic
III   Occulomotor
IV  Trochlear
V   Trigeminal
VI   Abducens
VII  Facial
VIII Vestibulocochlear
IX   Glossopharyngeal
X    Vagus
XI   Accessory
XII  Hypoglossal

cs200 (9 decks)

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