CS200- Abdomen and Urinary system

Question 1

Three spaces within the abdomen

Answer 1

Peritoneal Space- Contains the portions of organs covered by the peritoneal lining
Retroperitoneal Space- Contains the organs posterior to the peritoneal lining
Pelvic Space- Contains the organs within the pelvis

Question 2

RUQ

Answer 2

right kidney, most of the liver, some small bowel, a portion of the ascending and transverse colon, small portion of the pancreas

Question 3

LUQ

Answer 3

stomach, spleen, left kidney, most of the pancreas, and a portion of the liver, small bowel, and transverse and descending colon

Question 4

RLQ

Answer 4

appendix, portions of the urinary bladder, small bowel, ascending colon, rectum, and female genetalia

Question 5

LLQ

Answer 5

sigmoid colon and portions of the urinary bladder, small bowel, descending colon, rectum, and female genetalia

Question 6

Portal Systems

Answer 6

Venous subsystems housed by the abdomen
-collects venous blood and nutrients absorbed by bowel and transports them to the liver for detoxification and nutrient storage or addition, then sends the blood/nutrients/fluid into the inferior vena cava

Question 7

parietal peritoneum

Answer 7

Outer layer of the peritoneum, covers most of the anterior and lateral surface of the abdomen

Question 8

Visceral peritoneum

Answer 8

covers the individual organs

Question 9

Organs not covered by the peritoneum

Answer 9

Kidneys, duodenum, pancreas, urinary bladder, rectum, and posterior portions of the ascending and descending colons

Question 10

Alimentary canal

Answer 10

digestive tract

Question 11

Chime

Answer 11

Thick fluid made up of food, enzymes, and hydrochloric acid. Very acidic, pH 1.5-2.

Question 12

duodenum

Answer 12

first compartment of the small intestines, recieves chime in small boluses.
-In it, chime is mixed with bile from the liver, and pancreatic digestive juices, which raises the pH and helps release nutrients

Question 13

Peristalsis

Answer 13

The consecutive constriction of the digestive tract, pushing food forward

Question 14

Liver

Answer 14

Detoxifies blood, removed old RBCs, sotres glycogen

• Regulates body fluids, role in clotting
• Largest abdominal organ (2.5% of BW)
• Recieves 25% of cardiac output

Question 15

Gallbladder

Answer 15

Small hollow organ, posterior and inferior to liver
-Recieves bile from liver, stores it until needed for digestion of fatty foods, then constricts and squeezes it into duodenum

Question 16

Pancreas- Location, function, result of damage

Answer 16

Produstion of glucagon and insulin

• Produces buffer enzymes for chyme
• medial and lower portion of ULQ
• If damaged, its enzymes self digest tissue

Question 17

Spleen- location

Answer 17

Posterior to stomach, lateral to left kidney

• Immune function (seek out and destroy damaged cells), blood storage
• Fragile, can be injured in left flank injuries

Question 18

Kidney locations

Answer 18

Left- behind the spleen

Right- behind the liver

Question 19

Nephrons

Answer 19

Microscopic, urine producing structures in kindeys (cortical and medullary regions)

Question 20

Hilium

Answer 20

Notched part of the kidney where the renal artery and vein, as well as nerves lymphatic vessels, and ureter pass in

Question 21

Describe the physical aspects of the medullary kidney tissue

Answer 21

Divided into fan shaped regions called pyramids, each ending in tissue called papilla, which projects into the hollow space of the renal pelvis (where the ureters junction in)

Question 22

Renal pelvis

Answer 22

The hollow space in the kidney into which urine flows, and passes into the ureters

Question 23

Glomerulus

Answer 23

Within Bowman’s capsule, the first part of a nephron

-A cluster of capillaries passing through the capsule from which blood is filtered into a nephron

Question 24

The path of urine through the nephron

Answer 24

Bowman’s capsule–proximal tube–descending loop of Henle–Ascending loop of Henle–Distal tube–collecting duct–renal pelvis–ureter

Question 25

Functions of Nephrons

Answer 25

Maintain blood volume with proper balance of pH, electrolytes, and water

• Retain glucose, excrete urea
• control arterial blood pressure
• regulate RBC development (unrelated to urine)

Question 26

Three processes involved in the formation of urine

Answer 26

Glomerular filtration- blood without the blood cells or plasma proteins enter the Bowman’s capsule (filtered by size)

• Reabsorption- substances from renal tubules reenter blood
• Secretion-substances from blood enter renal tubules (highly selective)

Question 27

GFR

Answer 27

Glomerular Filtration Rate- the rate at which blood is filtered.
~180L/day- 60 complete plasma passages through filter

Question 28

Dominant cation in extracellular fluid

Answer 28

Na

Question 29

Dominant Cation in Intracellular fluid

Answer 29

K

Question 30

What goes down in the proximal tube

Answer 30

65% of filtered Na, Cl, and water is reabsorbed into the blood

• Water absorption is osmotic, Na and Cl are both active and passive
• Much of the active Na reabsorption is coupled with H+ secretion into tubules

Question 31

What goes down in the Descending Loop of Henle

Answer 31

20% of filtrate’s original water load is reabsorbed through simple diffusion (down to 15% of water)

Question 32

What goes down in the Ascending Loop of Henle

Answer 32

Impermeable to water, but significant passive and active electrolyte reabsorption occurs, leaving dilute urine

Question 33

diuresis

Answer 33

the formation and passage of dilute urine

Question 34

concentration of urine

Answer 34

As low as 1/6 the osmolar conc of plasma (diuresis), or as high as 4 times that of plasma (antidiuresis)

Question 35

Antidiuresis

Answer 35

production of a concentrated urine due to hormones which alter the permeability of the distal tube, collecting duct, or both so that far more water is reabsorbed

Question 36

Aldosterone’s effect on urine formation

Answer 36

Targest the distal tube and collecting duct, increase reabsorption of Na, Cl, and H20, and secretion of K

Question 37

ADH’s effect of urine formation

Answer 37

Targets the distal tube and collecting duct to reabsorb more water

Question 38

Glucose in the nephron

Answer 38

Freely filtered into bowman’s capsule, usually reabsorbed via active transport in proximal tube

• Retained unless levels exceed 10mmol/L
• If Glucose saturates active transport, glucose in filtrate can cause water loss via osmotic dieresis

Question 39

Osmotic Dieresis

Answer 39

Water loss due to excess glucose in filtrate, presenting as excessive urination. Symptom of diabetes.

Question 40

Urea in nephron

Answer 40

Freely filtered into Bowman’s Capsule

• Passively reabsorbed throughout most of tubule, about 50% remaining in urine
• Blood conc. or urea is indirect indication of GFR

Question 41

Creatinine

Answer 41

Metabolic waste product
-Direct indicator of GFR because it is not reabsorbed at all because of the large molecules, all filtered Creatinine remains in urine

Question 42

Kidney control of arterial blood pressure (beyond water volume in urine)

Answer 42

.

Question 43

juxtaglomerular cells

Answer 43

adjacent to glomerular capillary cells, release rennin, an enzyme which produces angiotensin I which converts to angiotensin II in the lungs, a powerful vasoconstricter, which also causes the adrenals to release aldosterone

Question 44

Origin of ureter nerves (and significance)

Answer 44

renal, gonadal, or hypogastric nerve trunks, so kidneystones caught in the ureters cause pain in these places

Question 45

mesentery

Answer 45

a double fold of peritoneum containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and fatty tissues.
Suspends the bowel from the posterior abdominal wall, preventing the digestive tract from tangling

Question 46

Omentum

Answer 46

an additional fold of mesentery, covering, insulating, and protecting the anterior surface of the abdomen