CS200-Endocrine System

Question 1

Hormones released by the Hypothalamus (7)

Answer 1

CRH- Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (adrenocorticotropin)
TRH- Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
GHRH- Growhth Hormone Releasing Hormone
GHIH-Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone
GnRH- Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
PRH-Prolactin Releasing Hormone
PIH- Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone

Question 2

Posterior Pituitary- trigger and hormonal release ‘gOAtflap’

Answer 2

Nerve impulses from hypothalamus
ADH- Antidiuretic Hormone
Oxytocin

Question 3

ADH

Answer 3

Antidiuretic Hormone, released by the posterior pituitary.
Targets kidneys to reabsorb water into blood volume
Can counteract blood loss up to 25%
Increased release associated with dehydration or hemorrhage
decreased release after alcohol or rise in blood volume

Question 4

Diabetes Insipidus presentation

Answer 4

inadequate ADH secretion relative to blood volume, resulting in way too much urine

Question 5

Oxytocin

Answer 5

Released by the posterior pituitary
targets the uterus, stimulating contractions
targets breasts, stimulating lactation
targets kidneys

Question 6

Anterior Pituitary- trigger and hormonal release ‘goatflap’

Answer 6

responds to hypothalamic hormones
GH- Growth Hormone
TSH- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
FSH- Follicle Stimulating Hormone
LH- Leuteinizing Hormone
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Prolactin

Question 7

GH

Answer 7

Growth Hormone- Targets all cells, stimulating body growth and switch to fat as energy source
Released by the anterior pituitary

Question 8

TSH

Answer 8

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

• Released by the anterior Pituitary
• Targets thyroid to stimulate the release of thyroid hormones

Question 9

FSH

Answer 9

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

• Released by the anterior Pituitary
• Targets gonads, stimulates development of sex cells

Question 10

LH

Answer 10

Leuteinizing Hormone

• Released by the anterior Pituitary
• Targets gonads, stimulating hormone release (estrogen, progesterone, or testosterone)

Question 11

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Answer 11

Released by the anterior Pituitary

• Targets adrenal cortexes
• Stimulates release of corticosteroidal hormones cortisol and aldosterone

Question 12

Prolactin

Answer 12

Released by the anterior Pituitary

-Targets mammary glands, stimulating lactation

Question 13

Thyroid- brief description and hormonal release

Answer 13

Located in Neck

• Comprises tiny sacs called follicles, filled with colloid, which produces T3 and T4
• Calcitonin
• Thyroxine (T4)
• Triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 14

Calcitonin

Answer 14

Released by the Thyroid Gland

• Targets all cells
• Stimulates bone to take up Ca, decreasing blood Ca

Question 15

T3 and T4

Answer 15

Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)

-target all cells to stimulate cell metabolism

Question 16

Parathyroid- brief description, Hormonal release, and effect of absence

Answer 16

Usually 4 or more located on the thyroid

• Releases PTH- Parathyroid Hormone
• Loss of function results in Hypocalcenia

Question 17

PTH

Answer 17

Parathyroid Hormone

• Targets bone, intestines, and kidneys
• Stimulates Ca release from bone, Ca uptake from digestive tract, and Ca reabsorption from the kidneys, all raising Ca

Question 18

Thymus

Answer 18

Primarily active during childhood

-Releases Thymosin

Question 19

Thymosin

Answer 19

Targets T lymphocytes, stimulating their reproduction and functional development

Question 20

Exocrine function of the Pancreas

Answer 20

Exocrine tissue (acini) takes up 98% of it's mass
-secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine

Question 21

Types of Endocrine cells in the pancreas

Answer 21

1-2 million clusters of endocrine tissue, islets of langerhans, take up the 2%
-Alpha cells, Beta cells, and Delta cells

Question 22

Alpha cells

Answer 22

endocrine cells in the pancreas

• take up 25% of islets of langerhans
• Release glucagon, targets liver to prefomr glycogenolysis, break down glucagon to glucose, and glucogenesis, breakdown of proteins and fats for conversion to glucose

Question 23

Beta Cells

Answer 23

endocrine cells in the pancreas

• take up 60% of islets of langerhans
• Release Insulin, lowers blood glucose via uptake
• Loss of function results in diabetes

Question 24

Delta cells

Answer 24

endocrine cells in the pancreas

• take up 10% of islets of langerhans
• Release Somatostatin, acts within islets to inhibit glucagon and insulin secretion

Question 25

Adrenal Gland location and physical description

Answer 25

Two pairs, each with an adrenal medulla (inner portion) and adrenal cortex (outer portion). Located on the superior surface of the kidneys

Question 26

Adrenal Medulla

Answer 26

Cells behave both as neurons and as gland cells

-Release Epinepherine and Norepinephrine upon Sympathetic NS stimulation

Question 27

Adrenal Cortex- 3 classes of steroidal hormones it releases

Answer 27

Glucocoticoids, Mineralocorticoids, Androgenic Hormones

Question 28

Glucocorticoids

Answer 28

Steroidal Hormone release by the adrenal cortex

• 95% cortisol
• cortisol promotes glucogenesis, and decreases glucose use as energy source
• Cortisol inhibits inflammatory reaction and immune system response

Question 29

Mineralocorticoids

Answer 29

Steroidal Hormone release by the adrenal cortex
-Most important one is aldosterone, which targets kidneys and blood, contributing to salt and fluid balance by regulating K and NA secretion

Question 30

Androgenic hormones

Answer 30

Steroidal Hormone release by the adrenal cortex

-Have the same effect as gonad hormones