CS200- Reproductive Systems

Question 1

Vulva

Answer 1

External female genitalia, collectively

-Perineum, Mons Pubis, Labia, Clitoris

Question 2

Perineum

Answer 2

skin colored muscular tissue separating vagina and anus

• Can stretch during childbirth
• An episiotomy, incision of the perineum, may be done to facilitate delivery of baby and to prevent spontaneous tearing

Question 3

Mons Pubis

Answer 3

Fatty layer over the pubic symphysis (pubic junction)

-Protects the symphysis during intercourse

Question 4

Labia

Answer 4

Labia majora- lateral folds of fatty tissue

Labia Minora- Medial folds well supplied with nerves and sebaceous glands, protecting the vestibule

Question 5

Clitoris

Answer 5

highly innervated and vascular erectile tissue anterior to the labia minora

Question 6

Main Parts of the Uterus

Answer 6

body, cervix

Question 7

Uterine body and three layers

Answer 7

Upper 2/3 of uterus, smooth muscle

-Endometrium, Myometrium, Perimetrium

Question 8

Uterine endometrium

Answer 8

Innermost layer, stimulated monthly by progesterone and estrogen to build up in preparation for implantation. Sloughs off if not implanted

Question 9

Uterine Myometrium

Answer 9

Thick middle layer of uterine wall, 3 smooth muscle layers
-outer layer- fibres run longitudinally, allowing expulsion of the fetus following cervical dilation
-middle layer- made up of figure 8 interlaced muscle surrounding large blood vessels, controlling post-delivery bleeding
Inner layer- circular smooth muscle forming sphincters at the point of fallopian tube attachment and the internal cervical opening

Question 10

Uterine Perimetrium

Answer 10

Forms outermost layer of uterine wall
-Partially covers the corpus of uterus, doesn’t extend to cervix, allowing surgical access to uterus without risk of infection associated with peritoneal incisions

Question 11

Fallopian tubes

Answer 11

Extend from ovaries to uterine cavity, transporting eggs

• 10X1cm
• Fertilization usually occurs in the distal third

Question 12

Menarche

Answer 12

Onset of menstrual cycle, usually at age 10-14

Question 13

4 phases of the menstrual cycle

Answer 13

proliferative, secretory, ischemic, and menstrual phases

Question 14

Proliferative Phase

Answer 14

First 2 weeks of menstrual cycle

• Dominated by estrogen, causes endometrium to thicken with blood
• At day 14, follicle ruptures, releasing egg down Fallopian tubes, and the ruptured follicle, in response to LH, develops the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone until placenta takes over

Question 15

Secretory Phase

Answer 15

Stage immediately surrounding ovulation

-If egg is unfertilized, estrogen drops and progesterone dominates

Question 16

Ischemic Phase

Answer 16

If there is no fertilization, estrogen and progesterone levels fall

Question 17

Menstrual Phase

Answer 17

Ischemic endometrium is shed, along with a discharge of blood, mucus, and cellular discharge

Question 18

Physiological changes during pregnancy

Answer 18

By third trimester, circulatory volume is raised by 45%, HR increased by 15bpm, and cardiac output increased by up to 40%
-Increased vascular volume accompanied by less significant increase in RBCs, so relative anemia

Question 19

Epididymis

Answer 19

Sperm travels from testes into epididymis, a small sac where they are stored (palpable), before being channeled into the vas deferans

Question 20

Prostate gland

Answer 20

Surrounds the male urinary bladder neck and is a major source of the fluid that combines with sperm to become semen. Enlargement can narrow or obstruct the urethra and block urine flow

Question 21

Average Blood Loss during Menstruation

Answer 21

50ml