Crisis Intervention-Ch 5, Victims of Crime

Question 1

who quoted “ A victim of a criminal can also find he is a victim of the criminal justice system”

Answer 1

Donald E Santarelli, Administrator Law Enforcement Asst Administration

Question 2

Random sampling or its mathematical equivalents, which are generically referred to as _____

Answer 2

probability samples

Question 3

the main source of data on criminal victimization is the

Answer 3

National Crime Victimization Survey.- one of the largest sample surveys in the world.

Question 4

the FBI compiles data from federal, state and local police agencies on offenses “known to the police” and arrests, and uses this data for estimating a number of different crime rates.

Answer 4

The Uniform Crime Reports

Question 5

Data published in an annual report which is somewhat misleadingly entitled

Answer 5

Crime in the United States.- detailed data are collected for homicide, more specifically, for murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, which offenses are not included in the NCVS.

Question 6

Patterns of victimization

Answer 6

• Accidents and suicide result more deaths than homicide.

* risk of death from heart disease is 58 times greater than death from homicide

Question 7

Homicide is a leading cause of death from young

Answer 7

American males

Question 8

NCVS data o General Patterns:

data for period of 1973-2001 reveal the following patterns of reported victimization

Answer 8

• highest rates are consistently reported for simple assault, which is least serious form of viol victimiz
• risks of victimization are greater for some persons that others. Black, under 25, Male or Hispanic,poor, never been married or resides in urban area are more likely to suffer victimization by violence or theft.
• young, african American males in urban area at highest risk of violent victimization, involving handgun .

Question 9

UCR datat on homicides”
homicide is most serious form of victimization, bit is also the rarest. In 2000, estimated _____homicides were known to the police.

Answer 9

15517
small in comparison to 25.9 million victimization of all types .
homicide in US was 5.5 per 100,000 persons
In 1991, rate was 9.8 per 100,000 so homicide rates have declined almost 44% in the last 11 yrs

Question 10

Messner and Rosenfeld, the homicide rate for the US was the highest among _____ developed nations.

Answer 10

16

Question 11

Persons in the 18 to 24 age group, males and African American s are at highest risk of homicide.

Answer 11

per 100,000 person
white  3.3 homicide victims
white males   12.6 
black females   12.9
black males       102.8

Question 12

Most victimizations are not reported to the police. NCVA victims reported about one third of property crimes and 44% of crimes of violence. ____ was the violent crime that was least likely to be reported

Answer 12

RApe

Question 13

Many persons adopt a ____ ____ stance for a variety of ideological and psychological reasons

Answer 13

victim-blaming
Karmen argues that victim-blaming strategies appeal to our wish to lived in a just world. It is easier to believe that victims deserve to be victimized, that they asked for it or had it coming.

Question 14

Painful experience that crime victims sometimes encounter when they turn to criminal justice and social service agencies for help is referred to

Answer 14

secondary victimization

Question 15

Tempting for criminal justice agents to judge the worth of crime victims. Temptations is heightened when the victim is

Answer 15

lower social status

Question 16

The Psychological Impact of Victimization

what are two sorts of harm that first come to mind when one is assessing the damage caused by criminal victimization

Answer 16

Physical injury and financial loss

Question 17

The Task Force on Victims of Crime and Violence concluded that victims need

Answer 17

psychological help- They assert that the necessity for corrective therapies may be reduced by constructive early intervention.

Question 18

Psychological damage associated with criminal victimization has implications for the crime prevention role of criminal justice agencies.

Answer 18

being abused or neglected as a child increased the likelihood of arrest as a juvenile by 59%, as adult 28%, for violent crime 30%. Widom and Maxfield finding suggest that victimization causes crime.

Question 19

Research on rape victims by Burgess and Holmstrom led them to beleive that victims experience an immediate, ____ and a longer-term _____ in dealing with aftermath of assault

Answer 19

acute stage, recovery phase

Question 20

acute phase of reaction to criminal victimization can last for

Answer 20

days, weeks or even months

Question 21

Young suggests that _____ is the typical response of persons to becoming a crime victim

Answer 21

shock

Question 22

acutely stressful event produce a _______ response, in which the body prepares to attack an assailant or flee.

Answer 22

fight or flight.

Question 23

Victims exhibit anger directed at the assailant, but when assailant is absent or it is emotionally costly to direct anger toward that assailant, victims sometimes direct anger toward others. Anger is a manifestation of the fear that a criminal attack produces.

Answer 23

empty

Question 24

victims responses that interveners will encounter

Answer 24

shock
anger
fear and anxiety
self-blame and guilt
disorientation

Question 25

feeling of confusion and disassociation as well as some memory loss can accompany criminal victimization.

Answer 25

disorientation

Question 26

Long-term effects of victimization

Answer 26

Posttraumatic stress disorder

Question 27

involves a traumatic event or stressor, which is life-threating, overwhelming and sudden and unexpected.

Answer 27

PTSD

Question 28

symptoms of PTSD

Answer 28

nightmares, jumpiness, insomnia, intrusive imagery, startle reaction, staying on guard, avoidance of reminders,

Question 29

PTSD symptoms are initially present in as many as 95% of victims.

Answer 29

rape victims
between 35 and 64 percent of victims exhibit PTSD after one month
15 and 17 % of rape victims continued to exhibit symptoms after 15 yrs.

Question 30

PTSD symptoms were found to be most prevalent for direct victims of rape and other sexual assaults, followed by victims of nonsexual assaults, robbery or burglary.

Answer 30

empty

Question 31

factors increasing the risk of psychological effects

Answer 31

• type of offense- more violent and instrusive the crime, the greater the trauma
• social characteristics- gender,age, socioeconomic status. research showed that 6 mths after robbery, men reported more psychological problems than women.
• prior stressors-history of victim can be an important factor in the assessment of pyschological damage.
• offense characteristics- extent of injury, display of weapon, number of assailants
• the needs of victims- victim need to feel safe. victim need to express their emotions

Question 32

community resources for crime victims

Answer 32

protective service system

Question 33

Tomz and McGillis describe several stages of the criminal justice process where victim and witness services are needed. For the intervener, the early stages are of primary importance.

Answer 33

stage 1. emergency response- provides trauma assessment, physical and psychological first aid and protection
stage 2. victim stabilization-after shock and numbness has passed, victim might need referral
stage 3. resource moblization- victim may need assistance form victim service agency to deal with financial claims, emergency replacement of property, advocacy with employers, creditors, landlords

Question 34

two programs that assist victims and witnesses often tied to the criminal justice system

Answer 34

Victim-Witness Assistance Programs

Crisis Centers

Question 35

Martin and associates describe one crisis center with representatives from the police, medical community and prosecutor.

Answer 35

Stop Rape Task Force- improved interagency cooperation in providing services to victims of rape and assault.