Crisis Intervention-Ch 1, Historical and Theoretical Overview of Crisis Intervention

Question 1

Morrice term, psychodynamic awareness

Answer 1

ability to recognize, understand, and make appropriate responses to emotional stress

Question 2

Crisis intervention has its origins in efforts to

Answer 2

prevent suicide….Early suicide prevention programs began as part of the religious ministries of their founders

Question 3

1906 the National Save-A-Life League was founded by the Reverend

Answer 3

Harry M Warren in New York City…Salvation Army of London began its Anti-suicide Bureau in same year

Question 4

1953, Reverend Chad Varah began the Samaritans suicide prevention program in England, relying almost exclusively on

Answer 4

volunteers and lay counselors..Samaritans were one of the first to offer a round the clock telephone service

Question 5

After WW11, Veterans Administration provided funding for training mental health professionals and providing mental health services to thousands veterans.

Answer 5

empty

Question 6

1946 Congress passed the

Answer 6

National Mental Health Act-provided financing mental health research and training program

Question 7

1950 Congress called for a thorough study of mental health problems. As a result, who studied the problems and needs related to community mental health and reported their finding to Congress

Answer 7

Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health

Question 8

In response to Joint Commission study, President Kennedy helped provide for the passage of the __

Answer 8

Community Mental Health Center Act of 1963. The result of this Act and Public Law 90740, individual states received sizable grants with which to begin construction of public mental health centers

Question 9

Norman Farberow and Edwin Shneidman, 1961, recieved a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health in 1958 that allowed them to open the

Answer 9

Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Center. Their psychological autopsy of Marilyn Monroe’s suicide in 1962 helped fuel the demand for better suicide prevention services.

Question 10

LASPC developed the model for

Answer 10

suicide prevention that was the basis for programs throughout the US

Question 11

private crisis intervention agencies with hotline services include

Answer 11

Aquarius House in Muncie, Indiana
Synergy in Carbondale, Illinois
both operated late 1960’s and early 1970

Question 12

one of the founders of the medical profession, defined a crisis as a sudden state that gravely endangers life was

Answer 12

Hippocrates

Question 13

Research on crisis intervention did not gain much momentum until 1930s and 1940s. Much of credit for this early research is credited to behavior theorists such as

Answer 13

Quierdo, Lindemann, Erickson and Caplan

Question 14

Quierdo began an emergency first aid service during his work in Amsterdam in 1930s. His crisis intervention work involved

Answer 14

screening admissions to hopitals and providing support to police.

Question 15

Lindemann’s professional interest focused on the prevention of mental disturbances and management of mental health. What led to Lindemann to conduct a study that contributed to crisis theory

Answer 15

1943 fire in Coconut Grove in Boston, Mass. 500 people died. Study centered on the bereavement reaction of the family and close friends of the 500 that died.

Question 16

Lindemanns study helped confirm specific crises produce specific patterns of behavior which can be classified as stages or phases of crisis. he refer to these as

Answer 16

grief work

Question 17

Lindemann/s stage one is

Answer 17

shock and disbelief- survivors might deny the death of loved ones

Question 18

Lindemann’s stage two is

Answer 18

developing awareness- survivors identify with the deceased and become aware of their plight

Question 19

Lindemann’s stage three is

Answer 19

resolving the loss- survivors attempt to reorganize their lives and their own personalities without the deceased

Question 20

Erickson’s research helped provide the basis for individual crises into two major types:

Answer 20

maturational-developmental

accidental-situational

Question 21

crises as those occur during the transitional periods of a persons life.

Answer 21

maturational-developmental- ex:crisis in adolescence, young people feel the need to find and confirm their identity. Physical maturation, dating, peer pressure, other developmental crisis is marriage, pregnancy, retirement, mid-life crisis

Question 22

crises involve those periods of psychological and behavioral upsets that are precipitated by life hazards.

Answer 22

accidental-situational crisis-rape, physical abuse, severe physical illnesses, divorce, death of love one

Question 23

Caplan’s work is one of the foundation of modern crisis intervention and his research during 1950s and 1960s helped provide the crisis intervention movement. He devoted his efforts toward

Answer 23

detailed definitions and descriptions of crisis.

Question 24

Caplan noted that crisis victims attempt to maintain ____ or _____- a balance of their needs and instincts with demands of the outside environment.

Answer 24

equilibrium- state of emotional balance or calmness

homeostasis-relatively stable state of equilibrium

Question 25

Caplan also addressed the concept of crisis intervention in the context of

Answer 25

helping crisis victims avoid long-term and severly debilitating mental illness

Question 26

Caplan identified three levels of mental illness prevention measures:

Answer 26

1. primary prevention-efforts to reduce the number of new mental disorders thru environmental modification and improvement of individual coping mechanisms.
2. secondary prevention- reducing the duration and frequency of individual mental disorders. Detected early for increased probability of successful interv.
3. tertiary prevention-deals with past suffers of acute mental disorders. Development of occupational talents and improvement in social skills

Question 27

What is a crisis?

Answer 27

crisis occurs when unusual stress brought on by unexpected and disruptive events render an individual either physically or emotionally disabled

Question 28

Examples of critical events. Any of these events may provoke a crisis.

Answer 28

accidents, burglary, rape, natural disasters, assault, death of loved one, fired from job, failing college

Question 29

What is important in each one of these critical events is that

Answer 29

crisis is in the eye of the beholder

Question 30

Crisis intervention is

Answer 30

the timely and effective involvement in people’s lives when the stress is too great for them to manage through their usual coping mechanisms.

Question 31

Goal of crisis intervention is

Answer 31

to assist the victims to return to their precrisis levels of behavior.

Question 32

Parad and Caplan and Rapaport maintain that a state of crisis creates a perceived threat, a loss or challenge and that a crisis has three distinct components:

Answer 32

1. hazardous or critical event
2. a threat to instinctive need
3. an inability to apply adaptive coping behaviors

Question 33

Aguilera, Messick and Farrell refer to a person in crisis as

Answer 33

one is at a turning point.

Question 34

Dixon defines a crisis as a

Answer 34

functionally debilitating mental state resulting from the individual’s reaction to some event perceived to be so dangerous that it leaves him feeling helpless and unable to cope by usual methods

Question 35

well known, often exaggerated example of crisis prone is victim of child abuse ends up abusing children

Answer 35

intergenerational transmission of child abuse

Question 36

The successful resolution of crises may reduce the risk of later crises. of particular interest to criminal justice practitioners is that successful crisis intervention may function to reduce the risk of both later criminal victimization and later criminal behavior

Answer 36

empty

Question 37

A key element in the production of a crisis, how one perceives the significance of a critical event will determine whether a crisis results.

Answer 37

Perception–“Crisis is in the eye of the beholder”

Question 38

There are many definitions of crisis intervention, the

following suits the purpose of this book.

Answer 38

Crisis intervention is the timely intrusion into people’s lives when their own coping mechanisms prove ineffective. Crisis intervention is an immediate response to an urgent problem.

Question 39

In some ways, crisis intervention is similar to psychotherapy and short-term counseling. Similarities and differences

Answer 39

1. Goal of crisis intervention is to assist crisis victims to return to their precrisis levels of functioning and to seek avenues for positive change. crisis intervention methods differ slightly from short-term couseling or psychotherapy
2. crisis intervention focuses on the present, here and now, whereas long-term counseling and psychoanalysis focus on past and how it affects current situation
3. crisis intervention uses a direct, active role for the intervener, while other therapeutic techniques use more indirect or nondirective approach

Question 40

Goal of long term counseling, psychotherapy, and psychoanalysis is

Answer 40

to better equip the client to deal with life, which usually involves a significant time commitment

Question 41

Primary difference between crisis intervention and counseling/psychotherapy is

Answer 41

crisis intervention is brief, immediate, short-term, symptom-oriented

Question 42

Slaikeu makes a useful distinction between psychological first aid or first-order intervention and crisis therapy or second-order intervention.

Answer 42

psychological first aid is problem-oriented intervention by on-site caregivers
Crisis therapy is individual-oriented intervention by persons who specialize in counseling. long term counseling

Question 43

critical incident stress debriefing

Answer 43

used to describe interventions with emergency workers who are at risk of crisis from their efforts to assist the victims and survivors of critical incidents

Question 44

perhaps most critical characteristic that a intervener must possess

Answer 44

poise

Question 45

Any helping relationship requires the intervener to show

Answer 45

1. empathy
2. warmth
3. genuineness

Question 46

Crow indicates that crisis intervention requires “a special kind of communication that consists of ____,____ ,_____and ____

Answer 46

sensitivity
self-awareness
compassion
concern

Question 47

crows suggests that the intervener use a communication loop in which messages, ideas and feelings are sent out by crisis victim, picked up by the intervener and returned to the victim in a slightly modified form. this is referred to as

Answer 47

reflective listening.

Question 48

Cumming, Cumming and Edell, Punch and Naylor and Cain indicate that the police are society’s ____

Answer 48

front-line mental health officers

Question 49

what percent of a police officers time is devoted to helping services while only a minority portion is devoted to enforcement

Answer 49

80%

Question 50

1999 participants in the National Crime Victimization Survey were asked detailed questions about their contacts with police.

Answer 50

• 43.8 million persons age 16 or older or 21 percent of population had face-to-face contact with police.
• more than 65% involved traffic stops, accidents.
• 28% persons reporting crimes
• 21% request for assistance or neighborhood probl
• 3% suspect in a crime

Question 51

goal of deinstitutionalization

Answer 51

was to allow as many persons as possible to remain in the community as outpatients.

Question 52

Deinstitutionalization of mentally ill began in 1960s. Problems with deinstitutionalization is

Answer 52

many states and private insures do not fund outpatient mental health services at adequate levels.
Medications are used to treat mental illness with minimal, if any, psychotherapy.
without monitoring, persons stop taking medications or continue meds that are ineffective or countereffective.

Question 53

Borum, Deane, Steadman, Morrissey identify three program models in which incidents are handled by

Answer 53

• specially trained police officers
• mental health professionals employed by police
• mobile mental health crisis teams independent from police dept

Question 54

Only prisons that did not experience a riot or disturbance

Answer 54

were the solitary confinement penitentiaries founded by the Quakers.

Question 55

Rosenbaum employed an experimental design to assess the effects of crisis intervention training on Detroit police recruits and found it had dramatic impact on recruits attitudes toward crime victims and use of crisis intervention.

Answer 55

That the effects of training will only persist if the training is reinforced by the agency.
officers sensitivity declined after 4 months in field.

Question 56

Name of the authors

Answer 56

James E Hendricks
Jerome McKean
Cindy Gillespie Hendricks