Criminal Law Flashcards
When does a state have jurisdiction over a crime?
- Any act constituting an element of the crime was committed in the state
- acts outside of the state caused a result in the state
- The crime involved neglect of a duty imposed by state law
- There was an attempt or conspiracy outside the state plus some act inside the state
- An attempt or conspiracy inside the state to commit an offense outside the state
What is the common law merger rule?
When a person committed conduct that was both a felony and a misdemeanor, they could be convicted only of the felony (misdemeanor merged into the felony)
What is the modern merger rule?
What is the MPC twist?
No merger of crimes with the exception of attempt and solicitation. Conspiracy does not merger away
MPC Twist: D cannot be convicted of more than one inchoate crime (attempt/conspiracy/solicitation) when the conduct was designed to culminate in the same offense
What does double jeopardy prevent?
What amendment does it stem from?
Prevents D from being tried or convicted for a lesser included offense if they’ve been put in jeopardy for the greater offense. EACH crime must include an element that the other crime does not require (so a greater that includes a lesser would be the same crime for DJ purposes)
But if all of the elements had not occurred at the time jeopardy attaches, could be tried for the greater offense w/o a DJ problem
But a court can impose multiple punishments at a single trial where the punishments are for 2 statutorily defined offenses that the legislature intended to carry separate punishments
5th amd (inc to states via 14)
What is the relationship between solicitation and conspiracy?
If you ask someone to commit a crime you have solicitation. If they agree the solicitation merges into conspiracy and only the conspiracy can be charged.
What is the general standard to be a felony?
Death or imprisonment for more than one year
What are the elements of a crime?
Actus reus, mens rea, concurrence of act and mental state
Crime might also require proof of a result and causation
Describe the actus reus requirement
VOLUNTARY physical act (or failure to act). It’s a bodily movement.
Reflexes, actions while asleep/unconscious
When does an omission count as an actus reus?
1) there is a legal duty to act
2) D has knowledge of the facts giving rise to the duty to act
3) it is reasonably possible to perform the duty
There can be a legal duty to act created in 5 ways: 1) statute, 2) contract, 3) relationship, 4) voluntary assumption of care by D of V, 5) D created V’s peril.
Describe the actus reus of possession
the defendant must have had control of the item long enough to have the opportunity to terminate possession
Possession does not have to be exclusive
Possession can be constructive if it is within D’s dominion control (even if no actual physical possession
D must be aware of his possession (but no willful blindness)
What is specific intent?
Must do the act with a specific intent or objective.
Can’t be inferred simply from doing the act. Look at the manner in which it is done a circumstantial evidence of intent
These qualify for voluntary intox and unreasonable mistake of fact that apply only to specific intent crimes
What are the major specific intent crimes?
Students Can Always Fake A Laugh Even For Ridiculous Bar Facts
Solicitation (intent to have solicited crime commmitted)
Conspiracy
Attempt
First degree premeditated murder,
Assault,
Larceny (intent to permanently deprive)
Embezzlement (intent to defraud)
False pretenses (intent to defraud)
Robbery (intent to permanently deprive another of their interest property)
Burglary (intent to commit a felony in the dwelling)
Forgery (intent to defraud)
What is required for malice mens rea? When is it required?
reckless disregard of an obvious or high risk that the particular harmful result will occur. If voluntary intox prevents you from recognizing the risk, you are still deemed to have acted with malice (absent premeditated murder rule)
Applies to common law (2nd degree) murder and arson
What is the general intent mens rea?
The defendant is aware of all of the factors and necessary circumstances constituting the crime exist. (certainty not required - high likelihood is good enough)
General intent can be inferred simply from the act
Voluntary intox and unreasonable mistake of fact are not defenses
What is the strict liability mens rea?
There is no mens rea - don’t have to be aware of all of the factors constituting the crime. Defenses that negate state of mind are unavailable here.
e.g. statutory rape and selling liquor to minors
If there is an administrative, regulatory, or morality crime and there are no mens rea words, it’s intended to be a strict liability crime. Often they give you a statute for these
What are the 4 MPC mental states? are they on a subjective or objective standard
Purposely (subjective)
Knowingly (subjective)
Recklessly (subjective and objective)
Negligently (objective)
MPC Purposely mental state
Purposely - conscious objective to engage in certain conduct or cause a certain result
MPC Knowingly mental state
Knowingly - knows the nature of their conduct and that certain circumstances exist. Knowledge of high probability + willful blindness = knowledge. Very likely to cause a result = knowledge
MPC Recklessly mental state
Recklessly - CONSCIOUS DISREGARD of a substantial and unjustifiable risk which is a gross deviation from the reasonable person standard of care.
Need objective unjustifiable risk AND subjective awareness
But one who is not consciously aware of the risk because they are intoxicated will still be deemed to have acted recklessly
MPC Negligently mental state
Person acts negligently when they fail to be aware of a substantial and unjustifiable risk.
Judged on an objective standard and must be a very unreasonable risk relative to the reasonable person standard
What are the common law mens reas and what are the MPC mens reas
Common law: Specific intent, general intent, malice, strict liability
MPC: Purposely, knowingly, recklessly, and negligently
What are the MPC and common law approaches to corporate crime?
Common law: Corporation does not have the capacity to commit a crime
MPC: Corps can be held criminally liable for acts by an agent within scope of employment or an agent ranking high enough to presume that their acts reflect corporate policy
What is transferred intent?
When D intends to cause the harm that results but to a different victim. (defenses and mitigating circumstances may also be transferred)
If transferred intent applies, D is usually guilty of the completed crime against the actual victim and attempt against the intended victim
Transferred intent does not apply to create liability for attempt
What is the requirement of concurrence of actus reus and mens rea?
Must have the intent at the time of committing the act and the intent must have prompted the act
(e.g. if D drives to v’s house to shoot V but accidentally runs v over instead, no concurrence)
Do all crimes require a result and causation? What is required when a result and causation are required?
No (but homicide is the important one)
Conduct must be the cause in fact and the proximate cause
Who are the parties to a crime at common law?
Principals in the first degree (actually engaged in the acts of the crime or cause an innocent to do so)
Principals in the second degree (persons who aided, advised, or encouraged the principal and were PRESENT at the crime)
Accessories before the fact (persons who assisted or encouraged but were NOT PRESENT)
Accessories after the fact (persons who assisted escape of arrest or punishment with knowledge that a felony had been committed)
Is conviction of the principal required to convict an accessory?
The old rule says yes
The modern rule says NO NO NO
Who are the parties to the crime under modern statutes?
Principal (can be charged with principal offense)
Accomplice (can be charged with principal offense if intended to aid, advise or encourage the crime)
Accessory after the fact (aids in escape knowing felony has been committed - can NOT be charged with principal offense - there is a separate offense)
What is the dual intent required for accomplice liability? (Answer for Knowledge and negligence)
1) Intent to assist the other in the commission of the crime
2) Intent that the principal commit the substantive offense
If the substantive offense is a negligence or recklessness mens rea, then the accomplice has to (1) intend to facilitate and (2) act with recklessness/negligence
What is the required mental state for selling ordinary goods to generate criminal liability?
mere knowledge that a crime will result is not enough if ordinary goods at ordinary prices (but raising the price might be sufficient stake in the venture)
What is the scope of an accomplice’s liability?
Accomplice liable for the crimes counseled and for any other crimes that were committed in the course of committing the crime contemplated IF PROBABLE OR FORESEEABLE
What are two groups carved out of accomplice liability?
1) those necessary to the commission of a crime but are not addressed in the statute (e.g. buying drugs if only selling is criminal)
2) members of the class protected by the statute
What is sufficient for withdrawal by an accomplice?
Must be done before the crime becomes unstoppable
If accomplice via encouragement -> must repudiate the encouragement
If accomplice via assistance -> to everything possible to attempt to neutralize the assistance
OR could notify the police, but withdrawal without additional action is not enough
What are the elements of conspiracy
1) an agreement between 2 or more persons
2) intent to enter into the agreement (can be inferred from joint activity)
3) intent by at least 2 persons to achieve the unlawful objective of the agreement
4) Most states require an overt act (but preparation is good enough). OVERT ACT NOT REQUIRED BY COMMON LAW
What are the two approaches to the agreement requirement for conspiracy?
Modern Unilateral Approach - only one party has to have genuine criminal intent (can be convicted of conspiracy if police officer working under cover)
Common Law Bilateral Approach - requires at least two people that are genuinely committed to the plan
What is the Wharton rule?
How does the wharton rule apply for “necessary parties not provided for”
An an agreement with someone in the class protected by the statute give rise to conspiracy liability for the person who is meant to be protected? For the person not meant to be protected?
If X parties are required to commit a substantive offense (e.g. adultery, dueling) there is no crime of conspiracy unless at least X+1 conspire to commit the offense.
The Wharton rule does not apply to necessary parties not provided for (e.g. if statute only criminalizes sale, purchaser and seller can both be convicted of conspiracy to sell even though 2 are required to commit the crime and only 2 conspired)
Persons within the protected class cannot be charged with conspiracy to commit that crime (e.g. minor can’t be convicted of conspiracy to commit statutory rape). The person not meant to be protected cannot be convicted of conspiracy either (regardless if bilateral or unilateral approach)
What effect does acquittal have on co-conspirators?
At common law, acquittal of all of the persons with whom D is alleged to have conspired lets D off the hook. Note how this must be ACQUITTAL of ALL co-conspirators in a BILATERAL jurisdiction - failure to charge other co-conspirators is not acquittal
But if jurisdiction follows the unilateral approach, then D still can be convicted
What is the relationship between specific intent and the bilateral/unilateral theories?
Specific intent requires intent to agree and intent to achieve the objective of the conspiracy
If bilateral theory, both parties must have specific intent
If unilateral theory, only one party has to have specific intent
when does a conspiracy terminate?
upon completion of the wrongful objective.
Unless agreed to in advance, acts of concealment are not part of the conspiracy
Government’s defeat of the conspiracy’s objective does not automatically terminate the conspiracy
When is a co-conspirator vicariously liable for other co-conspirator’s crimes?
When the crime was committed IN FURTHERANCE of the objectives of the conspiracy AND were FORESEEABLE
What is not a defense to conspiracy at common law? (There are 2 you should know)
Factual impossibility
Withdrawal from a conspiracy but withdrawal may be a defense to vicarious liability
(but under the MPC, withdraw is a defense to conspiracy itself but you have to attempt to thwart or thwart the crime e.g. by calling cops)
Assume common law applies unless question states otherwise
When is withdrawal from a conspiracy effective?
When conspirator performs an affirmative act and notifies ALL members of the conspiracy of their withdrawal.
Notice must be given in time for the members to abandon their plans.
If conspirator provided assistance, must try to neutralize that assistance
What are the elements of solicitation?
1) Ask, incite, counsel, advise, urge, command another to commit a crime
2) with intent that they commit that crime
Can someone withdraw a solicitation?
Not usually, but the MPC allows renunciation as a defense if the defendant prevents the commission of the crime
Can the member of the class protected be charged with solicitation?
No. (e.g. a minor urging an adult to have sex is not guilty of soliciting statutory rape)
If a person solicits a crime and it is committed, what can the solicitor be charged with?
The substantive crime or attempt or conspiracy, BUT cannot be charged with solicitation and the crime/attempt/conspiracy
Attempt elements
Specific intent to commit a crime and an overt act in furtherance of the crime (beyond mere preparation)
Specific intent always required regardless of the mens rea of the underlying crime (it is impossible to attempt a reckless or negligent crime). Specific intent means to perform the act and get the result, so attempted murder always required intent to KILL even though substantial bodily harm would be enough for mens rea for murder
What are the two tests for overt act/attempt?
Traditional/Proximity Test: Dangerously close to completion
Modern/Majority/MPC Test: Substantial step in the course of conduct
This is more than the conspiracy overt act
Is abandonment a defense to the crime of attempt?
No under common law- If the defendant had the intent and commit an overt act, D is guilty of attempt despite later change of heart.
Yes under MPC if fully voluntary and complete abandonment
Is factual impossibility a defense to attempt?
Is legal impossibility a defense to attempt?
No
Yes, legal impossibility is a defense
If charged only with a crime, D can be convicted of ___ or ___ but if charged only with attempt, can only be convicted of ___ not ____
the completed crime or attempt
attempt not the completed crime
What is common law murder?
Unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought
Malice aforethought gets you to some degree of murder
What is malice aforethought?
IF any of the below:
- intent to kill
- intent to inflict great bodily injury
- reckless indifference to an unjustifiably high risk to human life (depraved heart)
- Intent to commit a felony (felony murder
And no facts reducing to voluntary manslaughter or excusing it
What gives rise to an inference of intent to kill?
Intentional use of a deadly weapon
What are the tiers that statutes establish for murder (altering the common law)
1st degree murder
2nd degree murder
Felony Murder
What is the definition of first degree murder?
What defense is available
2nd degree murder plus one of the following:
- deliberate and premeditated (dispassionate) decision to kill and intent/knowledge that their acts would cause death
- killing during the commission of an enumerated felony (if statute says all felonies count, it’s usually second degree murder)
- killing someone known to be a police officer when they are acting in the line of duty (even if off the clock)
Voluntary intox is a defense b/c specific intent crime
What is second degree murder?
Any murder that is not first degree murder including depraved heart murder (reckless indifference to an unjustifiably high risk to human life)
What is felony murder?
What is the sneaky defense to felony murder?
A death caused in the commission of OR ATTEMPT to commit a felony.
Malice is implied from the intent to commit the underlying felony
- any defense to the underlying felony is a defense to felony murder