Criminal=> collection of evidence

Question 1

Key Research=> Memon + Higham

A review of the cognitive interview

Answer 1

Looked at how effective the training for cognitive interview was

• Training should be done by police sergeants rather than academics
• Training should last 2 days=> only have 4 hrs of training isn’t enough
• Only train officers who show potential=> some people are naturally better at interviewing than others

Broke down each part of cognitive interview + reviewed how effective each part was (context reinstatement, report everything, recall from different perspectives + recall in different orders
-Context reinstatement= most effective part of cognitive interviews

Compared cognitive interview with other interview types

• Standard interview= difficult to compare because interviews are conducted very differently from each other
• Structured interview= similar because they create a rapport but different because it doesn’t have the other cognitive parts. GOOD COMPARISON=> similar to make a fair comparison but different enough to see which is more effective
• Guided memory interview= uses context reinstatement but doesn’t have any other factors of cognitive interview. Useful to compare= see how effective other 3 parts of cognitive interview are

Reviewed how much memory increase cognitive interview provided

• Effectiveness of cognitive interview is measured by how much the person can remember in the interview
• Cognitive interviews ask people to report everything= free to say anything to police even if it isn’t relevant
• Normal police=> ‘tell the truth, the whole truth + nothin but the truth’ witnesses will be more careful before saying anything
• Cognitive interview may seem more successful but it isn’t necessarily

Question 2

Fisher + Geiselman=> cognitive interview

Answer 2

1. Report everything= remember everything even if it’s not relevant. Extra details can act ass cues to aid memory of relevant info
2. Recall in different temporal orders= witnesses should record the story in different orders than than just beginning to end= can cue details participants hadn’t thought of before
3. Context reinstatement= mentally put them back to crime scene- asked to remember the env=> aids context dependant memory (GRANT)
4. Recall from different perspectives= witnesses asked to recall things from someone else perspective at the scene

Question 3

Reid=> 9 steps of interrogation

Answer 3

1. Direct positive confrontation= forcefully confronting a suspect with their guilt
2. Theme development= thinking of a reason why they would have done it
3. Handling denials= cut off + suppress any denials

Question 4

Fisher + Geiselman=> enhanced cognitive interview

Answer 4

Establishing a rapport=> making witnesses feel at ease + comfortable with officer= aiding memory recall
-Witness informed of what is expected of them=> help to reduce anxiety

Question 5

Mann=> lie detection techniques

Answer 5

Test police officers ability to know if it’s a truth or lie during police interviews

• Police officers had to judge the truthfulness of people in real life interviews
• Had to decide if it was a lie or truth + how confident they were
• Experience in interviews correlated with truth accuracy + lie accuracy
• More experience an officer has= better at detecting lies
• Good lie detectors rely more on story cues rather than popular stereotypical beliefs (fidgeting )