Criminal

Question 1

Discuss classic study

Answer 1

Loftus and Palmer
45 into 5 groups.
Shown seven clips and all same besides critical question

41-32 difference due to verb

Second study was broken glass
Smashed hit and control 16 7 6

Question 2

Discuss amygdala

Answer 2

Associated with emotions and if removed or ablated react excessively or not at all

Sham rage by cannon and Britton
More empathy related neurocircuitry in females
Narabahayi severed amygdala and mood balanced in criminals

Question 3

Discuss brain injury

Answer 3

Interferes with absorption of b1 thiamine and become aggressive.
Elbogen states issue with brain of those after war
Kreuker found ineffective as 20% pre and 10% post injury out of 74 criminals so cannot be stated unless substance abuse implicated

Question 4

Discuss xyy

Answer 4

Super male syndrome
Theilgaard found small prevalence and hence cannot be generalised
Also cannot be used for women

Question 5

Discuss personality

Answer 5

Eysenck PEN
Testosterone levels
High activation and low threshold
High cortisol arousal via the ARAS

Rushton and Chrisjohn found high PE in delinquent behaviour but not n

Question 6

Discuss SLT

Answer 6

4 stages attention retention reproduction and motivation

Williams supported with tv and aggression for 16 people
Cornstock and paik 0.19 meta analysis for tv and aggression
But used on kid samples reductionist and deterministic

Question 7

Discuss SFP

Answer 7

Issue with labelling and internalising these labels and acting affording to them

Pygmalion effect with rosenthal and Jacobson proving with kids and the bloom idea

Jahoda with 22% and 7% and cultural expectations
Unethical and reductionist

Question 8

Discuss contemporary study

Answer 8

Valentine and mesout
56 people 
Mean anxiety score was 49
No Difference in trait 
75% compared to 71% 
Higher confidence in those who guessed right suspect

Question 9

Discuss cognitive interview

Answer 9

Based on two principles of association and reinstating context

4 methods to it: reinstate context, free recall, other perspective and change order
Geiselman looked into it and found 29.56 to 39.46 difference and reinforced by Fisher with 47% accuracy and holliday with young and old

Question 10

Discuss character as an influence for jury making a decision

Answer 10

Race- Bradbury and Williams with black and Hispanic jury being most guilty but, skolnic and shaw stated we do not find black defendant guilty due to issue with being stated as racist

Attractivess Saladin 8people and the most attractive less likely to commit crime

Accent - Dixon and Mahoney with transcript of non brummie person- stated brummie and black brummie most likely to be guilty. Consistent in 2002/2004 too

Question 11

Discuss publicity as a Factor affecting jury decision making

Answer 11

Pre
Steblay did meta analysis of 44 studies found more likely to be guiltily if shown negative media
Ogloff- tv more effect than news due to 24/7 access,

During
Defendant characteristics
Expert witness testimony
Story models as proven by Pennington and hastie with 75% guilty if easy to follow and only 31% if hard to follow

Post
Normative or informational conformity
Minority influence shown by moscovsi
Foreperson influence

Question 12

Evaluate this

Answer 12

Good control and meta analysis are objective and valid as already proven and analysed

But mock jurors and mainly students so limite validity

Question 13

2 other ways to understand the individual

Answer 13

Ethics and psychological formulations

Question 14

Discuss anger management as a treatment

Answer 14

3 stages cog prep, skills acquisition, application of practise

Ireland- 92% improvement in 50
And mcdougall with 18 offenders
Focuses on triggers

Watt et al- no difference in Western Australia
Expensive and may lie for early release
Studies not long enough to look into recidivism

Question 15

Hormones and drugs as a treatment

Answer 15

Dopamine
Le blanc with 163 boys and conduct disorder minus 56.4 in aggression

Serotonin
Coccaro and kavoussi outpatients and found when scale used and fluoxetine that after 2 months less irritable and 3 months no aggression

Testosterone
MPa administered and 8 men lowered by loosen

Consistent results and placebo used, so allows valid findings but side effects can take 4 weeks for ssris to work and maletzy 41% didn’t receive due to shortage

Question 16

How does post event information affect eye witness testimony

Answer 16

Schemes and leading questions
Loftus et al with yield sign
Loftus and pickrel with 29% to 25% false memory
Yuille limited effect

Question 17

How does weapon focus affect eye witness testimon

Answer 17

Attention and stress means that not all attention seen due to being different to culture and causing maximum arousal
Looked into by loftus et al with the gun and cheque at Taco Bell with 7 and 2 and 3.72 and 2.44 seconds

36 people with 2x35mm slides consisting of 18 slides

Question 18

Evaluate weapon focus

Answer 18

Good research and also pickel found that in hair salon same occurred and fawcett did a meta analysis

Bad because pickel lacks eco valid and remember unusualness not threat as he later proved. Wagstaff no influence in real life in crimes such as rape and robbery