Clinical

Question 1

Research evidence for the social causation hypothesis

Answer 1

Hem- adversity affects development of sz
Harrison- life in declining inner city areas
Dohrewend- lower social class implicated

Question 2

What are the 4ds of diagnosis with evidence

Answer 2

Distress salkovstus and hyperchondriac
Danger sibbald and nicotine
Dysfunction remick and depression
Deviance- seto and pedophaelia

Question 3

What does Jacobson prove with the ICD

Answer 3

Reliable as sz diagnosis is consistent

Question 4

What does hiller find with icd

Answer 4

Agreement when the systems used to diagnosis psychosis

Question 5

What did chenaux find

Answer 5

Not reliable as sz diagnosed more with icd and there is also an overlap in symptoms

Question 6

What did pihlajamaa find

Answer 6

70% consistency with sz diagnosis in Finland

Question 7

What did jannson find

Answer 7

When using interview and assessments found icd and DSM were most similar

Question 8

What did Ellason and ross find

Answer 8

More sz symptoms in those with schizoaffective disorder than those with sz itself

Question 9

Some information about rosenhan

Answer 9

7-52 day stay with an average of 19. There were 8 pseudo patients and they underwent depersonalisation after admission. 71% of the time ignored.

In the second study 193 shown and 41 identified but really zero showing sane and insane can’t be distinguished

Question 10

What are three pieces of evidence for the individual differences in culture

Answer 10

Translations by Kim and Berros with sz being disease of the disorganised mind in China

Language with Sabin finding people reluctant to see doctor in new culture due to fear of being misunderstood.
Symptoms Malagady found that hearing voices means sz in USA but spirits in Costa Rica

Question 11

How do anti psychotics work and what is evidence for them

Answer 11

They target the dopamine system reducing the amount by depolarising neurones.
There is atypical which are newer and then typical which only target positive and meltzer found them to be effective for 481 in their cognitive functioning but known as chemical straight jacket and leberman found clozapine to have severe side effects

Question 12

What did falkai find

Answer 12

There is higher domaine activity in the left amygdala

Question 13

What did Wong find

Answer 13

That there was higher receptor density in the caudate nucleus of sz patients

Question 14

Delusions are…

Answer 14

False beliefs e.g. Those of grandeur persecution and reference

Question 15

Hallucinations are.

Answer 15

False perceptions e.g. Visual auditory and olfactory

Question 16

What are the 4 stages of CBT

Answer 16

Belief modification
Focusing and reattribution
Normalising
Cognitive therapy

Question 17

Strengths of cbt in treating sz

Answer 17

Hoffman did a meta analysis and found a correlation with positive symptoms

Chadwick and Lowe 10/12 challenged thoughts and 5/12 rejected them

Question 18

Issues with cbt and sz treatment

Answer 18

Only looks at positive unlike drugs which consider both and hence is only applicable to some forms of sz

High drop out rate and can be distressing

Question 19

Information about Carlson

Answer 19

Contemporary study
Used a literature review
Gluatmatergic failure in basil is positive and in the cerebral cortex is negative.

Glutamate deficiency must be linked maybe causing sensitivity to dopamine presence

Question 20

4 ocd symptoms

Answer 20

Hoarding
Ruminations
Checking
Contamination

Question 21

Bio explanation for OCD

Answer 21

Faulty neurocircuitry within the ofc in the thalamus and a key part of this is the caudate nucleus which usually halts activity of neurones but in OCD this is overactive causing hyperactive loop

Question 22

Good and bad about the bio explanation

Answer 22

Menzies found high grey matter and McGuire also found difference when the compulsion was presented

May be a symptom and not a cause and is reductionist

Question 23

Cognitive explanation for OCD

Answer 23

Self doubt, need for perfection

Gives power to individual and Tolin found more obsessions in the people affected due to their negative beliefs.

Mowrer stated that obsessions actually arise due to negative associations and more descriptive than explanatory

Question 24

What is used as a biological treatment in OCD

Answer 24

Drugs specifically ssris and they are used if CBT doesn’t work, it increases levels and hence increase the serotonegic pathways meaning feel more in balance

Question 25

Are they useful

Answer 25

Stanford found worked 40-60 percent of time and soomro found that individuals given this in a randomised trial against placebo performed better

High relapse rates of 17-21% hence meaning not effective and they do not work for all with lots of side effects too

Question 26

Other treatment for OCD

Answer 26

CBT again but this time focus on checking and contamination with an anxiety clock to test how far exposed. Shows what happens if avoid ritual

Whitall found CBT and stress levels reduced on the y boc scale and as it is evidence based theory reliable

Cordioli not effective for 30% and pots team found setraline to be effective too so used in conjunction instead

Question 27

Contemporary study in OCD

Answer 27

Massellis

43 people from teaching based hospital in Canada, had OCD and average of 34 years. Variables were clinical demographic or both.
Comp and intrusiveness 0.53
Ob and intrusiveness 0.62
Depression 54%

Question 28

Individual differences and developmental psychology for clinical

Answer 28

Ind
Treatments and cultures.

Dev
Neurotransmitter dopamine levels and adolescence

Question 29

Discuss HCPC

Answer 29

Three standards of character health and conduct

And then following provisions 
Respect
Act in best interest
Manage power imbalance 
Stay up to date and regulated 
Duty of care 
Confidentiality