crime control, prevention and punishment Flashcards
What are the 4 different types of punishment?
deterrence
rehabilitation
incapacitation- protecting victim by physically stopping criminal behaviour
retribution- society giving fair and just punishment, satisfying desires of victims, similar to vengeance
What is mechanical solidarity?-functionalist
little division of labour, few specialist jobs, members of society are similar
How was punishment administered at time of mechanical solidarity?-functionalist
Laws based upon the principle of retribution, members of society accepted the strong punishment inflicted upon criminals
How is organic solidarity different to mechanical, how does punishment differ?
organic- specialist division of labour, people are different from one another, people are interdependent.
punishment was restitutive justice involving restoring society to before the criminal did the illegal act.
What do marxists believe about punishment?
changed to suit economic needs. For example- in early middle ages punishment was fines and religious penance, workers were in high demand so did x benefit the landowners to imprison criminals.
Why did prisons develop according to Melossi and Pavarni?
imposes discipline that is similar to the discipline needed when working in factories, prison teaches people to be a subservient labour force.
How can we criticise these explanations of punishment?
take little account of gender and ethnicity, capitalist advocators do face punishment sometimes.
What is Foucault’s view of punishment as a post-modernist?
past- punishment was focussed on body, e.g.- through torture being effective deterrent.
present- punishment is focused on the mind, e.g.- through surveillance, more effective than punishment as it gives the state power. Society is seen as a huge panopticon
How can we reduce the amount of crime in society?
create more cohesive communities, reduce amount of relative deprivation, make crime harder and commit and make punishment harsher, intervene and put more measures in place in order to reduce number future deviants
What are social and community responses to crime that are accepted by left realists?
aim to address social and economic causes of crime. Improve the confidence in the police, intervene to prevent crime in the future
What are situational responses to crime that are accepted by right realists?
increase in the risk of criminals being caught and make victims harder targets
What are environmental responses to crime that are accepted by right realists?
environmental decline, broken windows, graffiti, anti-social behaviour is tackled immediately
What are some examples of social and community responses to crime?
minimum pay legislation to ensure that people are paid a fair wage.
Police and community together groups, where local people can identify the issues that worry them and get the police and other agencies to deal w them.
What are some examples of situational responses to crime?
supervision of offender, example- electronic tagging to restrict movement
more policing and more arrests, particularly in high crime areas, to deter potential criminals by increasing risk of getting caught
What are some examples of environmental responses to crime?
adopting zero-tolerance policing, taking steps against all crimes including graffiti and vandalism.
make parents take more responsibility for socialisation of children through parenting order which make parents go classes or counselling etc.
How does Garland evaluate crime prevention?
criticises right realist SCP approaches as they ignore the causes of crime but rather displace it.
How does Felson criticise crime prevention?
“designing out” crime, e.g.- getting rid of gennels, park benches etc grouped together is effective, this approach worked especially well in NYC.
