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Crime Flashcards

1
Q

Crime and deviance is a social construct - meaning

A

These acts are not fixed, universal or permanent

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2
Q

Official statistics

A

Record of all police recorded crime

- indication of most reported crime

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3
Q

British crime survey

A

Random samples what crimes they have committed

  • usually petty crime
  • can compare data
  • crimes aren’t caught
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4
Q

Self report survey

A

Random sample what crimes have been a victim of

- what crimes are under reported

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5
Q

Who said crime is a integral part of society

A

Durkheim

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6
Q

Boundary maintenance

A

Join together / reaffirms moral boundaries - funct

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7
Q

Safety valve

A

Crime safe outlet for violence - funct

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8
Q

Warning device

A

Alerts society of a problem - funct

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9
Q

Strain theory

A

Goals don’t match means of achieving so commit crime - funct

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10
Q

State the five ways of dealing with strain in society

A 
Conformity 
Innovation 
Ritualism
Retreatism 
Rebellion
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11
Q

Conformity

A

Accepting place. Most people continue to accept culture + norms even if unsuccessful

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12
Q

Innovation

A

Accepts goals of success but lack ability to achieve them

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13
Q

Ritualism

A

Reject culture of success but abide by rules

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14
Q

Retreatism

A

Reject goals & rules - ‘drop out’ of society

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15
Q

Rebellion

A

Rejecting all dominant ideology + creating counter hegemony

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16
Q

Cohen subcultures

A

Due to status frustration

- can’t achieve so create new deviant values

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17
Q

Cohens two criticisms of mertons strain theory

A
  1. Delinquency is collective not individual

2. Fails to account for non-utilitarian crime

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18
Q

Two criticisms of strain theory

A
  1. Unlikely someone considers mainstream societies opinion on a act before committing it
  2. Too focused on working class delinquency
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19
Q

Who says “crime is a rational response to the capitalist system”

A

Gordon

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20
Q

Criminogenic capitalism

A

Encourages criminal behaviour due unequal class divide

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21
Q

The state and law making

A

Law making by capitalist elite, works in their best interests

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22
Q

Ideological functions of crime and law

A

Focuses on marginalisation which preforms ideological functions for the elite classes

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23
Q

Difference between Marxist and neo-Marxist approach to crime

A 
Agree in relation to societies structure = crime and agree in relation to class conflict and exploitation 
Suggests w/c aware exploitation so consciously commit in hope change
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24
Q

Selective enforcement

A

Bourgeoisie shape laws, applies more to w/c

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25
Symbolic Interactionism
Not concerned with why people offend just who’s labelled and who has power to label
26
Who argues ‘it’s not the nature of the act that makes it deviant, but the nature of societies reaction to the act’
Becker
27
Moral entrepreneur
Popularise stereotyped label, feel beneficial for society want to enforce change
28
What do Marxists say moral entrepreneurs cause
Cohen - moral panics / ‘folk devil’
29
Cicourel
Negotiation of justice - because crime social construction, seen worse as based on individual/ situation e.g. low prison time for rape for Harvard students
30
Typifications
Officer stereotypes of what delinquency looks like, so concentrate on certain groups resulting in class bias / leads to w/c areas patrolled more = more arrests
31
Cohens deviancy amplification spiral
Public definition of crime > operation selective news values > crime as news > perceived + real crime increased (deviancy amplification) > moral panic
32
Secondary deviance
Discrimination for deviant act leads self-fulfilling prophecy + creates secondary deviance
33
Master status
Criminal label becomes controlling identity / cannot be seen without label e.g. pedophile
34
Disintegrative shaming
Individual and crime labelled / ostresized from society
35
Reintegrative shaming
Act labelled as wrong but not individual
36
Right realism (key points)
Biological Rational choice socialisation
37
Left realism (key points)
Marginalisation Relative deprivation Subcultures
38
Who talks about biological differences and what do they say? (RR)
Herrnstien and Murray - main cause crime low intelligence (biologically determined)
39
Socialisation (RR)
Faulty socialisation means kids do not learn self-control or internalise moral values leading to reckless behaviour
40
What (RR) theorist discusses welfare dependency and what do they say?
Murray - generous welfare creates underclass single parent spawn delinquents - live in a different world from respectable people
41
Bio-social approach (RR) name theorists and explain
Wilson and Herrnstein - combination of biological and social factors / some more strongly pre-disposed From traits e.g. aggression / more risk
42
Rational choice (RR)
Criminals calculate risk of getting caught & severity of punishment - wishing up costs and benefits
43
Zero tolerance policing
Not letting anything slide regardless crime or individual - tough sentences
44
Marginalisation (LR)
Economic, social or political | - lack resources to participate in society feeling frustrated / resentment
45
Relative deprivation (LR)
Feel deprived in relation to others | Wealth and success presented as normal
46
Subcultures (LR)
Recognise deviance as collective response to deprivation + marginalisation (draws largely on subcultural theory)
47
Difference between left realism and Marxism
See crime as result inequalities in structure BUT look at realist ways to tackle (not revolution)
48
Perry pre-school
Black w/c children pre-school, longitudinal study, less likely arrested, did better in school, higher paid jobs LR quest
49
Situational crime prevention
Focuses on point victim + criminals come contact, make harder commit crime, includes target hardening
50
List 4 target hardening measures
Window locks Anti climb paint Security ‘Designing out’
51
Environmental crime prevention strategies
Attempt to clamp down on anti-social behaviour
52
List 4 Environmental crime prevention strategies
ABSOs, curfews, street drinking bans etc
53
Rational choice theory & what does it link to
Utilitarian belief that man weights means, costs, benefits & makes rational choice LINK situational and target hardening
54
Displacement
Tackling crime in one area which just moves it elsewhere doesn’t reduce it
55
Spatial (displacement)
Moving elsewhere
56
Temporal (displacement)
Different time
57
Target (displacement)
Different victim
58
Tactical (displacement)
Different method
59
2 criticisms of situational crime prevention
Too focused low level crime | Takes for granted hidden nature of crime
60
List 4 types of crime prevention
Mosquito, CCTV, Perry pre school, broken windows
61
Social and community crime prevention
Perry pre school
62
Perry pre school findings
20% less likely arrested 5+ times by age 40 | 20% more likely earn over 20k by age 40
63
What is the Panopticon prison layout
Guard in middle, could be watched at any time, self-servelliance
64
Why do we live in a ‘prison like culture’
CCTV everywhere, school reports and work monitoring = disciplinary power + self regulation
65
Deterrence (punishment)
Discouraged from offending - reinforces boundaries and social regulation
66
Rehabilitation (punishment)
Aim to change offenders behaviour so can earn a ‘honest living’ on release
67
Incapacitation (punishment)
Removing capacity to reoffend e.g chemical castration, death penalty, cutting off hands
68
Retribution (punishment)
Victim satisfaction from punishment, ‘paying for crime’
69
‘Era of mass incarceration’
Boom in incarceration, CCTV, police presence
70
Retributive justice
‘Paying for crime’ - largely traditional societies / old
71
Restorative justice
Seek to restore society to state before crime e.g. compensation
72
Marxism and punishment
- prisoners do ‘time’ like workers - reinforced capitalist ideology - w/c face harsher punishments
73
Marx day prison part of...
Repressive state apparatus (RSA)
74
Post mod summary role of punishment
Surveillance and discipline as form of power/knowledge exercising control over the population
75
Marx summary punishment
Serves ideological function, mops up unemployment
76
Functionalism summary punishment
Reaffirms collective conscience
77
Positivist victimology (miers 3 points)
1. States characteristics make more likely be a victim 2. Focuses on interpersonal crimes of violence 3. People contributed to victimisation
78
Victim proneness (postiv)
Characteristics which make more vulnerable
79
Victim precipitation (postiv)
Victims who are actively involved in own victimisation
80
Critical / radical victimology - structural factors
Proletariat victims exploitation by bourgeoisie and crime due criminogenic envir forced to live
81
Critical / radical victimology - the states power to decide who is a victim
State labels some victims but not others | e.g. before 1991 rape wife, therefore not victim
82
Patterns of victimology - class
Huge concentration of crime in poor areas high unemployment | Less money = more likely victim
83
Patterns of victimology - ethnicity
Minority groups more likely victim due to racially motived crime
84
Patterns of victimology - age
Young people more likely assaulted / face sexual harassment/ theft / abuse at home
85
Patterns of victimology - gender
Men greater risk of violent attacks | Women more likely victims sexual or domestic abuse, stalking, harassment
86
Types on crime glob increased (name 5)
``` Human trafficking Fraud Drug trafficking Cyber crime / dark web Organised crime Identity theft Tax evasion Money laundering Smuggling International terrorism ```
87
Link globalisation & capitalism - Taylor
By giving free reign to market forces globalisation has led to greater inequalities and rising crime
88
4 types primary green crime
Pollution Animals cruelty Deforestation Illegal disposing of toxic waste
89
2 types secondary green crime
Violence against environmental group (Green peace attack) | Bribery - avoid regulation
90
Corporate crime summary
Crimes committed companies | Historically not prosecuted but more in recent years
91
State crime summary
Illegal or deviant activities by or in complicity with state agencies State define crime so more likely break international
92
Social & cultural crimes (state crime)
Institutionalised racism, white education system
93
Political crimes (state crime)
Corruption, bribery, censorship
94
Economic crimes (state crime)
Violation health & safety laws - oil spills - not proper dumping toxic waste
95
Crimes by security and police forces (state crime)
Genocide, torture
96
List the 4 types of state crime
Social and cultural crimes Political crimes Economic crimes Crimes by security and police forces
97
Labelling theory and state crime
Socially constructed, state decides what is a crime
98
zemiology
Come in terms of harm not laws
99
Social class and crime - why do they commit more crime (list as many as can)
Marginalisation Deprivation Survival Inadequate socialisation
100
Social class & crime - why perceived to commit more crime
``` Moral panics Bias CJS too much focus w/c crime Media stereotypes Dark figure crime Easier to catch Typifications ```
101
Gender & crime - why perceived to commit more crime
Chivalry thesis Women less likely get prison Women less likely jailed first offence Typifications
102
Gender & crime - why commit more crime
More opportunity (men not restricted roles) Biologically attracted excitement Socialisation - tough / dominant / aggressiveness Marginalisation Women confined domestic role
103
Ethnicity & crime - why perceived to commit more crime
``` Typifications More likely prison first offence More likely stopped or pulled over Moral panic Racism Media ```
104
Ethnicity & crime - why commit more crime
``` Strain Wealth shown as normal Marginalised Can not surpass racism Typically lower income families ```
105
Marx view media & crime
Diverts attention r/c & capitalism | Media owners in r/c - highlights w/c
106
Pluralism and media / crime relation
What people began to panic so spreads because already invested
107
Media encouraged fascination with crime
1/3 all homocides reported | Moral panic / enterpr
108
Relationship between crime & mass media (30 marks)
1. Social construct - what society labels news 2. Deviancy amplification spiral 3. Media blows up / distorts crime or criminals 4. copycat / desensitised 5. AO3
109
Functionalist perspective crime & deviance (30)
1. Integral / normal part society 2. Strain - Merton - goals means 3. Subcultures lead to deviant values 4. Drift in and out deviant sub- not commitment 5. Davis and prostitution 6. Warning device (Or deterrence or boundary maintenance)
110
Marx crime (30)
1. Criminogenic capitalism 2. State and law making 3. Ideological function 4. White collar 5. Neo Marx - crime political act 6. Critisism
111
Globalisation and crime (30)
1. Global risk beck (Easier) 2. glob reign market forces / greater inequal 3. Green crime increase due transnational opportunity/ low risk/ high profit 4. Corp crime, somewhere easier (tax evasion) 5. State crime - crimes police e.g. genocide Cambodia / own right as own country 6. However now harder e.g airport security
112
Critical / radical victimology - structural factors
Proletariat victims exploitation by bourgeoisie and crime due criminogenic envir forced to live
113
Critical / radical victimology - the states power to decide who is a victim
State labels some victims but not others | e.g. before 1991 rape wife, therefore not victim
114
Patterns of victimology - class
Huge concentration of crime in poor areas high unemployment | Less money = more likely victim
115
Patterns of victimology - ethnicity
Minority groups more likely victim due to racially motived crime
116
Patterns of victimology - age
Young people more likely assaulted / face sexual harassment/ theft / abuse at home
117
Patterns of victimology - gender
Men greater risk of violent attacks | Women more likely victims sexual or domestic abuse, stalking, harassment
118
Types on crime glob increased (name 5)
``` Human trafficking Fraud Drug trafficking Cyber crime / dark web Organised crime Identity theft Tax evasion Money laundering Smuggling International terrorism ```
119
Link globalisation & capitalism - Taylor
By giving free reign to market forces globalisation has led to greater inequalities and rising crime
120
4 types primary green crime
Pollution Animals cruelty Deforestation Illegal disposing of toxic waste
121
2 types secondary green crime
Violence against environmental group (Green peace attack) | Bribery - avoid regulation
122
Corporate crime summary
Crimes committed companies | Historically not prosecuted but more in recent years
123
State crime summary
Illegal or deviant activities by or in complicity with state agencies State define crime so more likely break international
124
Social & cultural crimes (state crime)
Institutionalised racism, white education system
125
Political crimes (state crime)
Corruption, bribery, censorship
126
Economic crimes (state crime)
Violation health & safety laws - oil spills - not proper dumping toxic waste
127
Crimes by security and police forces (state crime)
Genocide, torture
128
List the 4 types of state crime
Social and cultural crimes Political crimes Economic crimes Crimes by security and police forces
129
Labelling theory and state crime
Socially constructed, state decides what is a crime
130
zemiology
Come in terms of harm not laws
131
Social class and crime - why do they commit more crime (list as many as can)
Marginalisation Deprivation Survival Inadequate socialisation
132
Social class & crime - why perceived to commit more crime
``` Moral panics Bias CJS too much focus w/c crime Media stereotypes Dark figure crime Easier to catch Typifications ```
133
Gender & crime - why perceived to commit more crime
Chivalry thesis Women less likely get prison Women less likely jailed first offence Typifications
134
Gender & crime - why commit more crime
More opportunity (men not restricted roles) Biologically attracted excitement Socialisation - tough / dominant / aggressiveness Marginalisation Women confined domestic role
135
Ethnicity & crime - why perceived to commit more crime
``` Typifications More likely prison first offence More likely stopped or pulled over Moral panic Racism Media ```
136
Ethnicity & crime - why commit more crime
``` Strain Wealth shown as normal Marginalised Can not surpass racism Typically lower income families ```
137
Marx view media & crime
Diverts attention r/c & capitalism | Media owners in r/c - highlights w/c
138
Pluralism and media / crime relation
What people began to panic so spreads because already invested
139
Media encouraged fascination with crime
1/3 all homocides reported | Moral panic / enterpr
140
Relationship between crime & mass media (30 marks)
1. Social construct - what society labels news 2. Deviancy amplification spiral 3. Media blows up / distorts crime or criminals 4. copycat / desensitised 5. AO3
141
Functionalist perspective crime & deviance (30)
1. Integral / normal part society 2. Strain - Merton - goals means 3. Subcultures lead to deviant values 4. Drift in and out deviant sub- not commitment 5. Davis and prostitution 6. Warning device (Or deterrence or boundary maintenance)
142
Marx crime (30)
1. Criminogenic capitalism 2. State and law making 3. Ideological function 4. White collar 5. Neo Marx - crime political act 6. Critisism
143
Globalisation and crime (30)
1. Global risk beck (Easier) 2. glob reign market forces / greater inequal 3. Green crime increase due transnational opportunity/ low risk/ high profit 4. Corp crime, somewhere easier (tax evasion) 5. State crime - crimes police e.g. genocide Cambodia / own right as own country 6. However now harder e.g airport security

Sociology (17 decks)

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